Therefore, the Indonesian throughflow is not effective as a link between IOD signals and the equatorial Pacific ENSO.”
“Background: Immunohistochemistry GSK3235025 concentration (IHC) for napsin A has been widely used to support a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity. In this study, we evaluated immunoreactivity for napsin A in a broad spectrum of renal neoplasms by using tissue microarrays (TMA). Methods:

Duplicate TMA of 159 surgically excised renal neoplasms of various types were constructed. IHC for napsin A was performed on TMAs with appropriate positive and negative controls. Results: Napsin A was expressed in Acquired cystic disease associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (2/2, 100.0%), chromophobe RCC (5/45, 11.1%), clear cell RCC (10/23, 43.5%), clear cell papillary RCC (9/19, 47.4%), metanephric adenoma (3/3, 100.0%), oncocytoma (13/23, 56.5%), and papillary RCC (31/37, 83.8%). Expression

of napsin A was not seen in mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (0/1, 0.0%), TFE/MITF RCC 0/1, 0.0%), and urothelial carcinoma (0/6, 0.0%). Conclusions: Napsin A is expressed in both common and rare sub-types of renal neoplasms with variable sensitivity. Based on our results, napsin A is not specific for lung adenocarcinoma. When a metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary is positive Androgen Receptor activity inhibition for napsin A, the differential diagnosis should include tumors of both renal and lung origin. Virtual slides: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9558727831304717.”
“Background:

check details Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are available for intensive, aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapy in clinical practice. The objective of the Randomized Head-to-Head Comparison of Pitavastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin for Safety and Efficacy (Quantity and Quality of LDL) (PATROL) Trial was to compare the safety and efficacy of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin head to head in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This is the first prospective randomized multi-center trial to compare these strong statins (UMIN Registration No: 000000586).\n\nMethods and Results: Patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease and elevated LDL-C levels were randomized to receive atorvastatin (10 mg/day), rosuvastatin (2.5 mg/day), or pitavastatin (2 mg/day) for 16 weeks. Safety was assessed in terms of adverse event rates, including abnormal clinical laboratory variables related to liver and kidney function and skeletal muscle. Efficacy was assessed by the changes in the levels and patterns of lipoproteins. Three hundred and two patients (from 51 centers) were enrolled, and these 3 strong statins equally reduced LDL-C and LDL particles, as well as fast-migrating LDL (modified LDL) by 40-45%. Newly developed pitavastatin was non-inferior to the other 2 statins in lowering LDL-C.

ABA can largely rescue the ethylene response of the mhz5 mutant. Ethylene induces MHZ5 expression, the production of neoxanthin, an ABA biosynthesis precursor, and ABA accumulation in roots. MHZ5 overexpression results in enhanced ethylene sensitivity in roots and reduced ethylene sensitivity in coleoptiles. Mutation or overexpression of MHZ5 also alters the expression of ethylene-responsive genes. Genetic studies revealed that the MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway acts downstream of ethylene signaling to inhibit root growth. The MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway likely acts upstream

but negatively regulates ethylene signaling to control coleoptile growth. Our study reveals novel interactions among ethylene, carotenogenesis, and ABA and provides GW4869 insight into improvements in agronomic traits and adaptive growth through the manipulation of these pathways in rice.”
“Studies in humans have suggested the possible involvement of melanocortin-3-receptor (MC3R) and other components LDK378 ic50 of the central melanocortin system in host defense against mycobacteria. We report a genomic DNA nucleotide sequence highly homologous to human MC3R in several bovids and non-bovid African wildlife species. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates

that the orthologous genes of cattle and buffalo are highly homologous (89.4 and 90%, respectively) to the human MC3R gene. Sequence results also identified a typical non-functional, duplicated pseudogene, MC3RP, in 7 species from the family Bovidae. No pseudogene was found in animals outside Bovidae. The presence of the pseudogene in tuberculosis-susceptible species could have possible immunomodulatory effects on susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis infection, as well as a considerable influence on energy metabolism and food conversion efficiency. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Common mental disorders (CMD) negatively affect work functioning. In the health service sector not only the prevalence of CMDs is high, but work functioning problems are associated with a risk of serious consequences for patients and

healthcare providers. If work functioning problems due to CMDs are detected early, timely help can be provided. Therefore, the aim of this study Selleckchem CH5183284 is to develop a detection questionnaire for impaired work functioning due to CMDs in nurses and allied health professionals working in hospitals.\n\nFirst, an item pool was developed by a systematic literature study and five focus group interviews with employees and experts. To evaluate the content validity, additional interviews were held. Second, a cross-sectional assessment of the item pool in 314 nurses and allied health professionals was used for item selection and for identification and corroboration of subscales by explorative and confirmatory factor analysis.

Here a mechanism for enhanced mitral cell signaling is described. Theta bursts in the olfactory nerve (ON) produce long-term potentiation (LTP) of glomerular excitatory postsynaptic

potentials (EPSPs) and of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the periglomerular (PG) and external tufted (ET) cells. Theta bursts paired with beta-adrenoceptor activation significantly elevate mitral cell (MC) calcium. Juxtaglomerular inhibitory network depression by beta-adrenoceptor activation appears to increase calcium in MCs in response to theta burst stimulation.”
“The Topoisomerase inhibitor purpose of this study is to propose four-dimensional digital tomosynthesis (4D-DTS) for on-board analysis of motion information in three dimensions. Images of a dynamic motion HDAC inhibitor phantom were reconstructed using acquisition scan angles ranging from 20 degrees (DTS) to full 360 degrees cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Projection images were acquired using an on-board imager mounted on a clinical linear accelerator. Three-dimensional (3D) images of the moving target were reconstructed for various scan angles. 3D respiratory

correlated phase images were also reconstructed. For phase-based image reconstructions, the trajectory of a radiopaque marker was tracked in projection space and used to retrospectively assign respiratory phases to projections. The projections were then sorted according phase and used to reconstruct motion correlated images. By using two sets of projections centered about anterior-posterior and lateral axes, this study demonstrates how phase resolved coronal and sagittal DTS images can be used to obtain 3D motion information. Motion artifacts in 4D-DTS phase images are compared with those present in four-dimensional CT (4DCT) images. Due to the nature of data acquisition

for the two modalities, superior-inferior motion artifacts are suppressed to a greater extent in 4D-DTS images compared with 4DCT. Fludarabine mouse Theoretical derivations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate how optimal selection of image acquisition parameters including the frequency of projection acquisition and the phase window depend on the respiratory period. Two methods for acquiring projections are discussed. Preliminary results indicate that 4D-DTS can be used to acquire valuable kinetic information of internal anatomy just prior to radiation treatment. (c) 2008 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.”
“Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous crenarchaeal viruses found in high-temperature acidic hot springs worldwide. The type virus, Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1), has a double-stranded DNA genome that contains 34 open reading frames (ORFs). Fuselloviral genomes show little similarity to other organisms, generally precluding functional predictions. However, tertiary protein structure can provide insight into protein function. We have thus undertaken a systematic investigation of the SSV1 proteome and report here on the F112 gene product.

Two subgroups of patients were then distinguished -G1(n Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor = 92) – patients below 45 years of age (17 – 44.9 years) and G2 (n = 193) – patients older than 45 years of age (45 – 88 years). The crucial role in the diagnostic process was played by transvaginal ultrasound (TVU), being a basis for preliminary diagnosis.\n\nResults: Malignant ovarian neoplasms were detected in 01 and G2 with the frequency of 2.1% and 17.6% respectively,

benign neoplasms in 42.3% and 36.3%, and non-neoplastic lesions in 54.3% and 45% of women. In 02 metastatic neoplasms constituted 26.5% of malignant tumours, while from 2 cases of cancer in G1 none was of metastatic character. Among benign neoplasms in both groups teratomas were predominant, being especially frequent in G1 – 82% of benign neoplasms (in G2 – 35.7%). However, LDC000067 inhibitor among non-neoplastic lesions in G1 functional cysts and endometriosis were observed with the same frequency (42%), but in G2 functional cysts prevailed – 71.2%. In G1 laparoscopy was performed in 39.1% of patients, and the most frequent procedures were various preservative ovarian operations – 36.9%; in G2 laparoscopy was performed rarely, in 14% of patients, while in this group hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was performed mostly (38.8%).\n\nConclusions: 1. Adnexal

tumours of women at reproductive age, in comparison to adnexal tumours of menopausal women, are characterized by a lower frequency of malignant neoplasms and a higher percentage of benign neoplasms and non-neoplastic lesions. 2. Patient’s age still remains one of the main factors influencing decisions concerning the type and extent of adnexal tumour treatment. 3. TVU is an effective diagnostic tool of pathological adnexal lesions allowing one to obtain high coincidence of preliminary diagnoses with final postoperative diagnoses.”
“Achromatopsia (ACHM) is

a severe retinal disorder characterized by an inability to distinguish colors, impaired visual acuity, photophobia and nystagmus. This rare autosomal recessive disorder of the cone photoreceptors is best known for its increased frequency due to founder effect in the Pingelapese population of the Pacific islands. Sixteen patients from Newfoundland, Canada were sequenced for mutations in the four known achromatopsia genes CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, Dinaciclib manufacturer and PDE6C. The majority (n = 12) of patients were either homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for known achromatopsia alleles, two in CNGB3 (p.T383fsX and p.T296YfsX9) and three in CNGA3 (p.R283Q, p.R427C and p.L527R). Haplotype reconstruction showed that recurrent mutations p.T383fsX and p.L527R were due to a founder effect. Aggregate data from exome sequencing, segregation analysis and archived medical records support a rediagnosis of Jalili syndrome in affected siblings (n = 4) from Family 0094, which to our knowledge is the first family identified with Jalili Syndrome in North America.

\n\nConclusions: Serum TGF-beta is not elevated in otherwise healthy subjects with IGT. The results of our study imply that the presence of IGT alone is not sufficient to induce TGF-beta elevation; and for the alteration of TGF-beta, worsening of metabolic risk factors may be required. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (6): 691-694)”
“Objective: to explore midwives’ views on ideal and

actual maternity care.\n\nDesign: a qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study based on the method of van Manen (1997) using individual in-depth interviews to gather data.\n\nSetting: Flanders, Belgium.\n\nParticipants: SB203580 mw 12 purposively sampled midwives, of whom nine from three different non-university hospitals and three independent midwives conducting home births.\n\nFindings: five major themes were identified: ‘woman-centred care’, ‘cultural change’, ‘support’, ‘midwife and obstetrician as

equal partners’ find more and ‘inter-collegial harmony’. In this paper ‘woman-centred care’, ‘cultural change’ and ‘support’ are discussed along with their subthemes. Midwives thought ideal maternity care should be woman-centred in which there were no unnecessary interventions, women were able to make an informed choice and there was continuity of care. Furthermore, ideal maternity care should be supported by midwifery education and an adequate staffing level. Also, a cultural change was wanted as actual maternity care was perceived to be highly medicalised. Barriers to achieving woman-centred care and possible strategies to overcome these

were described.\n\nConclusions: findings from this study were consistent with those of other studies on midwives’ experience with obstetric-led care. Despite the medicalised care, midwives still held a woman-centred ideology. In order to be able to work according to their ideology, different barriers need to be addressed. Although midwives suggested strategies to overcome these barriers, some were considered to be very difficult to overcome. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Parasites impose a permanent threat for hosts. As a consequence, immune defenses are important for host fitness. www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8931.html However, the immune response can also produce self-damage and impair host fitness if not properly regulated. Effectors that up- and downregulate the immune response should, therefore, evolve in concert, and be under the action of correlational selection. To address this issue, we assessed the shape of the selection operating on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors following an inflammatory challenge in laboratory mice. We found that selection acts on the combination of these two traits as individuals that produced large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines could achieve relatively high fitness (survival) only if also producing a large amount of anti-inflammatory effectors. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence for correlational selection on immunity.

High initial BP increased the probability of treatment initiation.”
“Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are a mixture of mycoplasmal lipoproteins expressed on the surface, and they are the main structures for interaction with the host cells. The objective of this study was to explore the role Selleckchem PR 171 of CD14 in immune recognition of Mycoplasma genitalium-derived LAMPs and investigate whether the binding

of CD14 to LAMPs affects the inflammatory response. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), transient co-transfection, dual-luciferase reporter assay, specific inhibition assay, and competitive inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA) were used. CD14 was involved in LAMP-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by blocking CD14 antibody in THP-1 cells. Co-transfection experiments in HeLa cells provide evidence that CD14 facilitates LAMP-induced TNF-alpha release via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In addition, LAMP-induced buy HSP990 TNF-alpha release was increased by soluble CD14 but decreased by soluble TLR2. Lipid moieties of LAMPs pre-treated with lipoprotein lipase

were responsible for TNF-alpha production. The binding of CD14 to LAMPs was supported by binding assay and CI-ELISA. Thus, we provide evidences that CD14 is not only able to recognize LAMPs but also its PKC412 in vitro binding to LAMPs upregulates TNF-alpha release. These findings provide insight into the function of CD14 and the pathogenesis of mycoplasmal infections.”
“To assess sources and degradation of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)

glycine] and its metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), concentration measurements are often inconclusive and even C-13/C-12 analysis alone may give limited information. To advance isotope ratio analysis of an additional element, we present compound-specific N-15/N-14 analysis of glyphosate and AMPA by a two step derivatization in combination with gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). The N-H group was derivatized with isopropyl chloroformate (iso-PCF), and remaining acidic groups were subsequently methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD). Iso-PCF treatment at pH smaller than 10 gave too low N-15/N-14 ratios indicating an incomplete derivatization; in contrast, too high N-15/N-14 ratios at pH bigger than 10 indicated decomposition of the derivative. At pH 10, and with an excess of iso-PCF by 10-24, greatest yields and accurate N-15/N-14 ratios were obtained (deviation from elemental analyzer-IRMS: -0.2 +/- 0.9 % for glyphosate; -0.4 +/- 0.7 % for AMPA). Limits for accurate delta N-15 analysis of glyphosate and AMPA were 150 and 250 ng injected, respectively.

“
“The endogenous enkephalins (ENKs) are potential candidates participating in the naturally occurring variations in coping styles and determining the individual capacities for adaptation during chronic stress exposure. Here we demonstrate that there is a large variance in individual behavioral, as well as in physiological outcomes, in a population

of Sprague Dawley rats subjected to 3 weeks of chronic unpredictable compound inhibitor stress (CUS). Separation of resilient and vulnerable subpopulations reveals specific long-term neuroadaptation in the ENKergic brain circuits. ENK mRNA expression was greatly reduced in the posterior basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLAp) in vulnerable individuals. In contrast, ENK mRNA levels were similar in resilient and control (unstressed) individuals. Another group of rats were used for lentiviral-mediated knockdown of ENK to assess selleck chemicals llc whether a decrease of

ENK expression in the BLAp reproduces the behavioral disturbances found in vulnerable individuals. ENK knockdown specifically located in the BLAp was sufficient to increase anxiety in the behavioral tests, such as social interaction and elevated plus maze when compared with control individuals. These results show that specific neuroadaptation mediated by the ENKergic neurotransmission in the BLAp is a key regulator of resilience, whereas a

decrease of the ENK in the BLAp is a maladaptation mechanism, which mediates the behavioral dichotomy observed between vulnerable and resilient following 3 weeks of CUS.”
“This systematic review aims to evaluate the adjunctive efficacy of platelet concentrates in surgical treatment of gingival recessions. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for entries up to January 2014. Only clinical randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a follow-up 3months that evaluated recession areas (Miller Class I or II) were included. Outcome variables include changes of recession depth (RD), keratinised tissue width (KTW), clinical CAL-101 cost attachment level (CAL) and wound healing index. Data were adjusted for a meta-analysis. Nine researches were included in meta-analysis. With the adjunctive use of platelet concentrates, there was statistically significant reduction in RD and KTW improvement while no significant effect was found in CAL. The adjunctive use of platelet concentrates also showed better healing in gingival recessions. Platelet concentrates might exert a positive effect on treatment of gingival recessions. It could accelerate early wound healing and reduce post-surgery complications in recession defects. However, more high-quality, long follow-up and large-scale RCTs are still needed in future.

1 cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, the topology-specific estimated predictive value improved from 56% to 91%.\n\nConclusions-Although in silico prediction tools should not be used to predict independently the pathogenicity of a BIX-01294 novel, rare nSNV, our results support the potential clinical use of the synergistic utility of these tools to enhance the classification of nsSNVs, particularly for Kv11.1′s difficult to interpret C-terminal region. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5:519-528.)”
“Selective catalytic reduction by ethanol

on silver-based catalysts was proved to be very effective to abate the nitrogen oxides emitted at the exhaust of an automotive engine. Moreover, the selectivity to compound inhibitor ammonia of this reaction may be exploited to further enhance the NOx reduction using a dedicated transition metal exchanged zeolite catalyst. This coupling between HC- and NH3-SCR is called Dual SCR. In order to control the

silver-based catalyst efficiency via ethanol injection, a NOx sensor is located downstream of it, as usually done for urea-SCR on series vehicles. Furthermore, based on the cross-sensitivity of this NOx sensor, large amounts of ammonia were estimated that would help to reduce the remaining NOx on the zeolite based catalyst. However, when measured by FTIR technique, the concentrations of ammonia produced by the HC-SCR catalyst were surprisingly not as high as expected, while large amounts of acetaldehyde were detected and, in a lesser extent, selleckchem formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. NOx were partly reduced over the iron-exchanged zeolite catalyst, improving the overall deNOx efficiency by up to 15 points, while acetaldehyde to formaldehyde ratio reversed and ammonia concentration remains unchanged. The cross-sensitivity of the NOx sensor was further investigated on synthetic gas bench. If its partial dependence on the ammonia concentration is rather well known, the influence of aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide in presence of ammonia had not yet been investigated.

The NOx sensor’s signal remains unchanged whatever the aldehydes concentration and a strong sensitivity to the hydrogen cyanide was highlighted.”
“Objective: Controversial and misleading interpretation of data from randomized trials is common. How to avoid misleading interpretation has received little attention. Herein, we describe two applications of an approach that involves blinded interpretation of the results by study investigators. Study Design and Settings: The approach involves developing two interpretations of the results on the basis of a blinded review of the primary outcome data (experimental treatment A compared with control treatment B). One interpretation assumes that A is the experimental intervention and another assumes that A is the control.

The activity of Duvelisib Pt-ML/Pd(111) and Pt(111) is limited by OH removal, whereas the activity of Pt-ML/Pd/Pd3Fe(111) is limited

by the O-O bond scission, which places these two surfaces on the two sides of the volcano plot.”
“A new sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay was developed for the detection of human IgG using doubly-encoded and magnetic redox-active nanoparticles as recognition elements on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode modified with anti-IgG on nanogold particles. The recognition elements were synthesized by coating magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with Prussian blue nanoparticles and then covered with peroxidase-labeled anti-IgG antibodies (POx-anti-IgG) on Prussian blue nanoparticles. The immunoelectrode displays very good electrochemical properties

towards detection of IgG via using double-encoded magnetic redox-active nanoparticles as trace and hydrogen peroxide as enzyme substrate. Its limit of detection (10 pmol.L(-1)) is 10-fold better than that of using plain POx-anti-IgG secondary antibodies. The method was applied to the detection of IgG in serum samples, and an excellent correspondence with the reference values was found.”
“FAO and OECD data point at erosion as a main soil degradation factor in the global scale. Although the processes of erosion are considerably well recognized, their quantitative valuation remaining strongly variable between local conditions, still selleck products needs continuing and widening of research in various spatial and temporal scales. The goal of the research, presented in this article, was to recognize qualitative and quantitative soil loss mechanisms in result of a dispersed wash-out accompanying extreme rainfall events being Erastin cell line the most potent occurrences of soil erosion, generating the most visible losses and costs. The research was performed in controlled conditions of soil humidity and rainfall for a set of ten soil kinds, representative for the

geographical area of Poland. Soil samples were placed in uniform model micro-plots (2 m x 1m in size) located with 10% slope inclination and kept in constant black fallow surface conditions, representing the most unfavourable conditions occurring in the real world, where extreme rainfall occurs on a fresh ploughed land causing extreme soil loss events. The approach simplified the estimation of soil susceptibility to erosion by neglecting the plant cover factor. The rainfall was simulated with a sprinkler designed in the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, performed in Institute of Agrophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin. The results were split into two groups representing different physical phenomena: hydrology and superficial soil erosion.

9%), congenital anomaly (5.3%), infection (1.9%), other (4.8%), and unknown (23.1%). The contribution of causes differed over gestational age periods. At lower gestational age, placental and unknown were the most dominant causes of death (34.8% and 41.7%, respectively); at higher gestational age, the relative importance of an unknown cause

decreased and a placental cause increased (16.5% and 77.6%) (P<.001). Placental bed pathology was observed in 33.6% of all fetal deaths, with the highest occurrence between 24 0/7 and 316/7 weeks and a strong decline after 32 weeks. In contrast contribution of developmental placental pathology (17.6%) increased after 32 weeks of gestation (P<.001), as did umbilical cord complications (5.2%) and Selleck URMC-099 combined placental pathology (5.4%). Solitary placental parenchyma pathology Epacadostat solubility dmso was less frequent (3.1%). Hypertension-related disease was observed in 16.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.6-19.0) of the cohort, small for gestational age fetuses in 37.9% (95% Cl 34.1-41.7), and diabetes-related disease in 4.1% (95% Cl 2.8-5.8).\n\nCONCLUSION: Most fetal deaths were caused by a variety of placental pathologies. These were related to gestational age, and their clinical manifestations

varied during pregnancy. (Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:809-17)”
“Background: Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine (NE) tumor of the adrenal medulla for which surgical resection is the only therapy. However, 10-46% of tumors are metastatic or have malignant features, and are often inoperable. Our lab has demonstrated the importance of the Notch1 signaling pathway in NE neoplasia, indicating that this pathway could be a target for emergent treatments in pheochromocytoma. It has recently become clear that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors influence Notch1 signaling. We hypothesized that the HDAC inhibitor Sodium Butyrate (NaB)

might activate Notch1 in pheochromocytoma resulting in altered tumor cell proliferation. Methods: Pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were treated with increasing concentrations of NaB. MTT cellular proliferation assay was used to determine the effect of NaB on PC-12 cell growth. Expression of Notch1, NE markers, and cell cycle proteins was studied using Western analysis. Results: Untreated Pevonedistat PC-12 cells lack Notch1 activity. Treatment with NaB led to a dose-dependent induction of Notch1 signaling, reduction of NE markers ASCL1 and CgA, and a significant reduction in cellular proliferation. Levels of expression of cyclin D1, p21, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins indicated the presence of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis following NaB treatment. Conclusion: NaB activated Notch1 signaling, inhibited cellular proliferation, reduced NE markers, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in pheochromocytoma cells. This data indicates that activation of Notch1 signaling is a promising potential therapy or palliative measure for pheochromocytoma that warrants further investigation.