All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 16.0; SPSS Inc., MS-275 mouse Chicago, IL, USA). Results Characteristics of the GOOD cohort The characteristics of the young men, including current anthropometric

data, as well as at the time of birth, calcium intake, smoking (yes or no), current level of physical activity (hours/week), total body adipose tissue, and lean mass are given in Table 1. Parental characteristics, including maternal and paternal age, maternal anthropometrics, maternal smoking in early pregnancy, maternal parity, length of pregnancy, vaginal delivery, or caesarian section and socioeconomic index of the household in 1985, are also presented in Table 1. Bone parameters, including aBMD, BMC and area of the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck and the non-dominant radius, and cortical and trabecular vBMD, cortical cross-sectional area, periosteal and endosteal

circumference of the non-dominant radius are given in Table 2. Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics, environmental factors, and circumstances at the time of birth of men in the GOOD cohort as well as parental characteristics Variables No. Mean ± SD GOOD cohort  Age (year) 1,009 18.9 ± 0.6  Height (cm) 1,009 181.7 ± 6.6  Weight (kg) 1,009 74.0 ± 11.9  Calcium intake (mg/day) 1,009 1,108 ± 727  Smoking (%) 1,009 9.0  Physical activity (hours/week) 1,009 4.3 ± 5.2  Total body adipose tissue (kg) 1,009 13.4 ± 8.0  Total body lean mass (kg) 1,009 57.6 ± 6.1  Birth height (cm) 998 50.8 ± 2.1  Birth weight (g) 977 3,580 ± 547 Parental variables at the time of childbirth  Maternal age (year) 1,009 29.5 ± 4.8  Paternal age (year) 1,002 32.6 ± 5.5  Maternal height (cm) 832 167.1 ± 5.8  Maternal AZD2014 mouse weight before pregnancy (kg) 885 60.5 ± 8.2  Maternal

smoking in early pregnancy (%) 967 25.7  Maternal parity (n) 1,009 1.65 ± 0.83  Vaginal delivery (%) 1,008 86.0  Caesarean section (%) 1,008 14.0  Length of pregnancy (day) 1,009 278 ± 12  Socioeconomic index of the household 1985a 960 2.04 ± 0.77 Table 1. Mean values and standard deviations aBMD areal bone mineral density; BMC bone mineral content aSocioeconomic index given from 1 to 3, where 1 is lower social position and 3 is higher Table 2 Bone parameters and their correlation and association with maternal age Bone variables Mean ± SDa learn more r valuea β-coefficientsb β-coefficientsc β-coefficientsd DXA Total body aBMD (g/cm2) 1.25 ± 0.10 −0.070* −0.036 −0.032 −0.031 Lumbar spine aBMD (g/cm2) 1.24 ± 0.15 −0.092** −0.076** −0.076** −0.091** Femoral neck aBMD (g/cm2) 1.17 ± 0.16 −0.021 −0.006 0.001 0.007 Radius non-dominant aBMD (g/cm2) 0.58 ± 0.06 −0.062* −0.035 −0.005 −0.004 Total body BMC (g) 3,209 ± 447 −0.055 −0.040* −0.038 −0.033 Lumbar spine BMC (g) 61.5 ± 10.9 −0.081* −0.078** −0.084** −0.090** Femoral neck BMC (g) 6.45 ± 1.07 −0.029 −0.013 −0.013 −0.003 Radius non-dominant BMC (g) 10.1 ± 1.5 −0.077* −0.075*** −0.071** −0.069** Total body area (cm2) 2,561 ± 198 −0.026 −0.034 −0.036 −0.031 Lumbar spine area (cm2) 49.