“
“A polyaniline (PANT) was synthesized by the oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. The PANT was then stirred with excess fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature for 6 h to obtain water soluble sulfonated polyaniline (SPANI). The degree of sulfonation was found to be 93-94% from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental analysis. The solubility of the SPANI in water was 1.25 g/L at room temperature and appeared as a green color solution. Conductivity of the PANT was decreased after sulfonation. A proliferation of hydrophilic nature of the PANT after sulfonation
was observed from the water contact angle measurement. From the UV analysis, it Wortmannin cell line was revealed that the energies required AZD6244 cost for the pi-pi* and bipolaron/polaron transitions are less and the intensity of these transitions are lower in SPANI compared to those of PANT. A detailed study on the crystal
structures of PANT and SPANI were accomplished from the powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The SPANI exhibited a more ordered structure having a higher degree of crystallinity and crystallite sizes with an increased unit cell volume compared to the PANT. After sulfonation the morphology of PANT was transformed from a rod-like shape to a flat-plate shape. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 2025-2035, 2010″
“Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are important means of malaria prevention. Although there is consensus regarding their importance, there is uncertainty as to which delivery strategies are optimal for dispensing these life saving interventions. A targeted mass
distribution of free LLINs to children under five and pregnant women was implemented in Zanzibar between August click here 2005 and January 2006. The outcomes of this distribution among children under five were evaluated, four to nine months after implementation.
Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in May 2006 in two districts of Zanzibar: Micheweni (MI) on Pemba Island and North A (NA) on Unguja Island. Household interviews were conducted with 509 caretakers of under-five children, who were surveyed for socio-economic status, the net distribution process, perceptions and use of bed nets. Each step in the distribution process was assessed in all children one to five years of age for unconditional and conditional proportion of success. System effectiveness (the accumulated proportion of success) and equity effectiveness were calculated, and predictors for LLIN use were identified.
Results: The overall proportion of children under five sleeping under any type of treated net was 83.7% (318/380) in MI and 91.8% (357/389) in NA. The LLIN usage was 56.8% (216/380) in MI and 86.9% (338/389) in NA. Overall system effectiveness was 49% in MI and 87% in NA, and equity was found in the distribution scale-up in NA.