LPLA2 is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages. A marked accumulation of glycerophospholipids and extensive lamellar inclusion bodies, a hallmark of cellular phospholipidosis, is observed in alveolar macrophages in LPLA(2)(-/-) mice. This defect can also be reproduced

in macrophages that are exposed to cationic amphiphilic drugs such as amiodarone. In addition, AZD5363 cost older LPLA(2)(-/-) mice develop a phenotype similar to human autoimmune disease. These observations indicate that LPLA(2) may play a primary role in phospholipid homeostasis, drug toxicity, and host defense. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“According to most theories, in a simple contingency learning situation, excitatory learning occurs when the probability of the unconditioned stimulus in the presence of the conditioned stimulus (p(1)) is higher than the probability of the unconditioned stimulus in the absence of the conditioned stimulus (p(2)). In Rescorla and Wagner’s (1972) model, this prediction varies, depending on the parameters used. In the following experiments, we evaluated whether the difference between p(1) and p(2) that is required to produce excitatory conditioning is AP26113 the same,

independent of the specific value of p(1), or whether this difference varies proportionally to p(1)’s value. To do so, an appetitive procedure of Pavlovian conditioning with rats was used. In four experiments, we compared different levels of contingency (low, medium and high) and found that the difference between p(1) and p(2) that is required to produce excitatory conditioning increases when the value of

p(1) is higher. The possibility of analyzing contingency learning as a discrimination between p(1) and p(2) is also discussed.”
“Here we report that juxtacellular labeled GABA intemeurons in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus anterior part (BLA) of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) showed a more burst-firing pattern, while having no change in the firing rate. In sham-operated and the lesioned rats, systemic administration of 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI produced excitation, inhibition and unchanged in the firing rate of the intemeurons, and the mean response of DOI was excitatory. However, cumulative dose producing excitation in the MTMR9 lesioned rats was higher than that of sham-operated rats. The local administration of DOI in the BLA also produced three types of responses in two groups of rats. Furthermore, the local administration of DOI excited the interneurons in sham-operated rats, whereas the mean firing rate of the interneurons in the lesioned rats was not affected at the same dose. The excitatory effect of the majority of the interneurons after systemic and local administration of DOI was not reversed by the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, and the inhibitory effect of DOI in all the intemeurons examined was reversed by GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxinin.