Method. We used data from a British birth cohort born in 1946 and followed up

ever since. The relationship between affective symptom profiles, distinguishing VX-689 clinical trial adolescent-onset and adult-onset symptoms, and BMI change from adolescence to age 53 years was investigated using multilevel models.

Results. Women with adolescent-onset symptoms had lower mean BMI at age 15 years, faster rates of increase across adulthood, and higher BMI at age 53 years than those with no symptoms. Men with adolescent-onset symptoms had lower BMI at all ages from 15 to 53 years. The BMI trajectories of men and women with adult-onset symptoms did not differ from those with absence of symptoms at all ages.

Conclusions. The relationship between affective symptoms and change in BMI varies by sex and age at onset of symptoms. Adolescence may be an important period for the development of the association between

affective symptoms and weight gain in girls. Intervention to prevent increases in BMI across adult life in women with adolescent-onset symptoms, even if they are not overweight at this age, should be considered.”
“The evolution of many forms of mimicry are well understood, but the evolution of mimicry in the absence of aposematic models or third party participants remains poorly understood. This paper presents a Selleck NVP-AUY922 model of the evolution of interspecific social dominance mimicry (ISDM), that does not rely on third-party observers, in the context of the Hairy-Downy game. Members of a socially dominant species contest a resource by playing the hawk-dove game. Nonmimic members of a subordinate species surrender the resource whenever encountering a member of the

dominant species, and split the resource whenever interacting among themselves. Mimicry allows members of the subordinate species to pose as members of the dominant species who play dove, splitting the resource when facing other dominant doves while continuing to surrender the resource to dominant hawks. We characterize the evolutionary dynamics and equilibrium behavior of this game, developing conditions under which evolution will select for mimicry, and under which the subordinate species will consist (almost or even literally) PAK6 entirely of mimics. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundPhysiotherapy involving pelvic-floor muscle training is advocated as first-line treatment for stress urinary incontinence; midurethral-sling surgery is generally recommended when physiotherapy is unsuccessful. Data are lacking from randomized trials comparing these two options as initial therapy.

MethodsWe performed a multicenter, randomized trial to compare physiotherapy and midurethral-sling surgery in women with stress urinary incontinence. Crossover between groups was allowed. The primary outcome was subjective improvement, measured by means of the Patient Global Impression of Improvement at 12 months.