All compartments of the kidney may be affected, from the glomerulus to the tubulointerstitium, in a wide variety of disease patterns. Here, we review our current knowledge of the biological effects of FLCs and the mechanisms that lead to kidney injury. Kidney International (2011) 79, 1289-1301; doi:10.1038/ki.2011.94; published online 13 April 2011″
“Trait anxiety

and sex have been shown to separately account for some of the observed individual differences in amygdala responses to emotional stimuli, but the combined effect of both factors remains unknown. In this fMRI study, participants varying in trait anxiety scores viewed a series of superimposed DNA Damage inhibitor face/scene composite images (containing fearful or neutral faces) and were instructed to direct attention to either the face or the scene content. We observed an interaction between sex and trait anxiety in amygdala responses to fearful faces as a function of allention. In females, higher trait anxiety was associated with a stronger amygdala LB-100 response to unattended fearful faces, whereas no such relationship was present in mates. This observed interaction between sex and individual differences in trait anxiety at the level of the brain may have clinical implications for a better understanding of the higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women than men. (c) 2007

Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To initiate infection, poliovirus must release its RNA genome into the cytoplasm of a target cell, a process called ‘uncoating’. How this occurs has remained uncertain, despite studies over several decades. Two new studies re-address

the question of poliovirus entry. The results suggest that poliovirus to enters different cells by different mechanisms, and point to a role for virus-induced intracellular signals in the process.”
“Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic utilized in antitumor therapy; however, its clinical use is frequently impeded by renal toxic effects. As peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) has renoprotective effects in drug-related kidney injuries, we tested its ability to inhibit DOX-induced renal injury. Although both male PPAR-alpha knockout mice and their wild-type littermates (pure 129/SvJ background) had significant proteinuria 4 weeks after DOX treatment, those with deletion of PPAR-alpha had more severe proteinuria. This was associated with more serious podocyte foot process effacement compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, the PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate effectively reduced proteinuria and attenuated DOX-induced podocyte foot process effacement. Consistently, glomerular nephrin expression was significantly lower in the knockout compared with wild-type mice following DOX treatment. Fenofibrate therapy significantly blunted the reduction in glomerular nephrin levels in DOX-treated wild-type mice.