J Land Use Sci. doi:I:​10.​1080/​1747423X.​2010.​511682 Muchiru, AN, Western, DJ. Reid, RS (2008) The role of abandoned pastoral settlements in the dynamics

of African large herbivore communities. Journal of Arid Environments. 72:940–952 Murray MG, Brown D (1993) Niche separation of grazing ungulates in the Serengeti—an experimental test. J Anim Ecol 62:380–389CrossRef Mworia JK, Kinyamario JI, Githaiga JM (2008) Influence of cultivation, settlements and water sources on wildlife distribution and habitat selection in south-east Kajiado, Kenya. Environ Conserv 35:117–124CrossRef Selleckchem CX-6258 Newmark WD (1996) Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conserv Biol 10:1549–1556CrossRef Norton-Griffiths M (1978) Counting animals handbook No. 1, 2nd edn. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi Norton-Griffiths M, Said M, Serneels

selleckchem P505-15 S, Kaelo, DS, Coughenour M, Lampry RH, Thompson DM, Reid, RS (2008) Land use economics in the Mara Area of the Serengeti Ecosystem. Serengeti III: Human impacts on ecosystem dynamics (eds A.R.E. Sinclair, C. Packer, S.A.R. Mduma & J.M. Fryxell), pp 379-416. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Odadi WO, Karachi MK, Abdulrazak SA, Young TP (2011) African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science 333:1753–1755PubMedCrossRef Ogutu JO, Bhola N, Reid R (2005) The effects of pastoralism and 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase protection on the density and distribution of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya. J Zool 265:281–293CrossRef Ogutu JO, Bhola N, Piepho H-P, Reid R (2006) Efficiency of strip-and line-transect surveys of African savanna mammals. J Zool 269:149–160 Ogutu JO, Piepho H-P, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS (2007) El Nino-Southern Oscillation rainfall temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index fluctuations in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 46:132–143CrossRef Ogutu JO, Piepho H-P, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS (2008)

Rainfall influences on ungulate population abundance in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 77:814–829PubMedCrossRef Ogutu JO, Piepho H-P, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS (2009) Dynamics of Mara-Serengeti ungulates in relation to land use changes. J Zool 278:1–14CrossRef Ogutu JO, Piepho H-P, Reid RS, Rainy ME, Kruska RL, Worden JS, Nyabenge M, Hobbs NT (2010) Large herbivore responses to water and settlements in savannas. Ecol Monogr 80:241–266CrossRef Ogutu JO, Owen-Smith N, Piepho H-P, Said MY (2011) Continuing wildlife population declines and range contraction in the Mara region of Kenya during 1977–2009. J Zool 284:99–109CrossRef Olff H, Ritchie ME, Prins HHT (2002) Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs) carry functional modules involved in their conjugative transfer, chromosomal integration and for control of expression of ICE genes [1]. ICEs are maintained in their host via site-specific integration and establishment at a unique site or sites in their host [2–7]. ICEs have been discovered in the genomes of various low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, various α, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, selleck chemicals llc and Bacteroides species [8]. The first ICE found was

Tn916 from Bacteroides species [8]. One of the best models of ICEs is a family of elements called the R391\SXT family that are found in γ-Proteobacteria. These are interesting elements as over 25 have been found to date in organisms spread across the world. They share a common core scaffold of genes related to integration, excision, transfer and regulation. Different elements can possess different fitness determinants such as antibiotic resistances, heavy metal resistances, and error-prone DNA repair systems [9]. Tn4371 is a 55-kb ICE, which allows its host to degrade biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl. It was isolated after mating between Cupriavidus oxalaticus (Ralstonia oxalatica) A5 carrying the see more broad-host-range

conjugative plasmid RP4 and Cupriavidus metallidurans (Ralstonia metallidurans) CH34. Selection was applied for transconjugants that expressed the heavy metal resistances from CH34 and grew with biphenyl as a sole source of carbon Venetoclax datasheet and energy [10]. The transconjugants carried an RP4 plasmid with a 55-kb insert near its tetracycline resistance operon. The insert was shown to transpose to other locations and hence was called Tn4371 [10–12]. Tn4371 has been sequenced [13] and closely related elements have been found in the genome sequences of a number of bacteria including Ralstonia

solanacearum GMI1000, a phytopathogen from French Guyana [14], Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, a heavy metal resistant bacteria from Belgium [15], Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937, aphytopathogen [16] and Azotobacter vinelandii AvOP, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from soil in the USA [13, 17]. None of these other elements possessed the biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl degradation genes. The Tn4371-like ICEs characterised to date are mosaic in structure consisting of Ti-RP4-like transfer systems, an integrase region, plasmid maintenance genes and accessory genes [13]. All the characterised elements integrate into sites on the bacterial genomes with a conserved 4-Hydroxytamoxifen manufacturer 5′-TTTTTCAT-3′ sequence, termed the attB site [11]. Tn4371 transposition most likely involves a site-specific integration/excision process, since the ends of the element can be detected covalently linked as a transfer intermediate [11, 13]. Integration is catalysed by a tyrosine based site specific recombinase related to bacteriophage and ICE family integrases [18].

JS coordinated this study and participated in the manuscript preparation. RV conceived the study, participated in the result analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Review Tumor cells rely on H+ exchangers to relieve themselves from the dangerous protons

byproduct learn more of cancer metabolism that could trigger a cascade of lytic enzymes that ultimately would lead to self-digestion. Among these the most investigated are the vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases). V-ATPases are ATP dependent H+ transporters that utilize the energy freed by the hydrolysis of ATP with the active transport of protons from the cytoplasm to the lumen of intracellular compartments or, if located within the cytoplasmic membrane, the extracellular compartment [1–4]. Structurally speaking, the V-ATPases are composed of a peripheral PR-171 research buy domain (V1) that carries out ATP hydrolysis and an integral domain (V0) responsible for exchanging protons. The peripheral domain is made up of eight subunits (A-H) while the integral domain

contains six subunits (a, c, c’, c”", d and e). V-ATPases work through a rotary mechanism in which ATP hydrolysis within V1 promotes the rotation of a central rotary domain, Selleck JNK inhibitor relative to the remainder of the complex, while the rotation of a proteolipid ring belonging to V0 domain moves protons through the membrane [5–7]. Two important physiological mechanisms of regulating V-ATPase activity in vivo are reversible dissociation of the V1 and V0 domains and changes in coupling efficiency of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis [8–15]. Malignant tumor cells overexpress lysosomal proteins on the cell surface, with deranged lysosomal activities, including acidification of internal vesicles, possibly involving altered V-ATPase function [16, 17]. The acidic tumor environment is a consequence of anaerobic glucose

metabolism with secondary production of lactates byproducts through the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α [18] or can be due to inadequate tumor perfusion, hypoxia secondary to disordered tumor growth or enhanced transmembrane pH regulation[19]. These pumps, coupled with other ion exchangers, play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of malignant tumor environment and promote the selection of more aggressive cell phenotypes able to survive in this highly selective ambient. Role of V-ATPases in tumor from spread V-ATPases play a critical role in the maintenance of an appropriate relatively neutral intracellular pH, an acidic luminal pH, and an acidic extracellular pH by actively pumping protons either through ion exchange mechanisms or by segregating H+ within cytoplasmic organelles that are subsequently expelled [20]. It is hypothesized that the low extracellular pH of tumors might trigger proteases, leading to the dissolution of extracellular matrix. This phenomenon, as is well known, significantly contributes to tumor invasion and dissemination [21, 22].

Moreover, run-on and transfection experiments demonstrated that IL-8 induction by HDAC inhibitors was transcriptional and involved mainly NF-kB

site of IL-8 promoter. These observations are corroborated by an up-regulation of NF-kB activity in MCF-7 cells in the presence of TSA. In addition, blocking NF-kB pathway by adenoviral delivery of a dominant-negative IkB or IKK2 mutant abolished IL-8 gene induction by histone deacetylase inhibitors. HDAC inhibitors triggered IKK phosphorylation, up-regulated p65 nuclear translocation, while decreasing the protein levels of IkBalpha, which accounts Entinostat for NF-kB activation. TSA increased the acetylation of Histone H3 on IL-8 promoter in a time-dependent manner. In summary, our results demonstrate that NF-kB pathway repression by HDAC is responsible for the low expression of IL-8 in ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells. O31 Differential Expression of MicroRNA-17-3p Reverts Morphology of Prostate Cells in lrECM Gels, Reduces Tumor Growth in vivo and Correlates with Prostate Tumor Expression by LCM Analysis Xueping Zhang1, Amy Ladd1, William Budd1, Ema Dragoescu1, Joy Ware1, Zendra Zehner 1 1 Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pathology

and Center for Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA MicroRNAs (miRs) are a novel class of RNAs with important roles in regulating gene expression at the level of protein synthesis. To identify miRs controlling prostate tumor progression, we utilized human prostate sublines derived from the this website immortalized P69 cell line, which differed in their tumorigenic properties in vivo. When grown embedded in lrECM gels (3D) these sublines displayed drastically different

morphologies correlating with their behavior in vivo. The non-tumorigenic P69 subline grew as multiceullular acini with a defined lumen and basal/polar expression of relevant marker proteins. M12, a highly tumorigenic, metastatic derivative, grew as a disorganized mass of cells with no polarization, whereas the F6 subline, a weakly tumorigenic, non-metastatic M12 variant, reverted to organized acini. These Carbohydrate sublines also differed in expression of vimentin, which was high in M12, but low in F6 and P69 sublines with E-cadherin exhibiting the opposite expression pattern. A miR array screen of M12 and F6 cell lines grown in 2D versus 3D revealed several miRs, which were differentially expressed. Of these miRs, miR-17-3p was found to target vimentin. Reduction of vimentin expression either by stable expression of a selleck chemicals vimentin-specific siRNA or miR-17-3p in the M12 subline decreased vimentin levels and reverted growth to organized, polarized acini in lrECM gels. In vitro motility and invasion assays suggested a decrease in tumorigenic behaviour as confirmed by reduced tumor growth in male athymic, nude mice.

The time we had during our project was enough to develop an approach to identify the different issues to be included in a monitoring system (i.e. time, seasonal calendar, people’s availability, necessity of a multi-stakeholder engagement, selection of simple but important

NTFPs). The repetition of assessments and measurements, and data quality control needs regular visits to the monitored villages. In our case, the 2 year-duration of our research was not enough to achieve long-term impacts. It did not allow real testing. We were only able to test the monitoring system for 6 months, which did not cover a full season of NTFP collection. Unpredictable events were among the limitations we identified for full implementation of the monitoring system. We recommend at least two cycles of NTFP harvest (i.e. 2 years), which would allow comparison, to test the approach and learn from the results. Integration into AZD4547 national policies (here PLUP)

was in progress at the end of the project (Lestrelin et al. 2011, Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al. 2012), but we lacked time to discuss with decision-makers ways the monitoring could be used to signaling pathway assess the impact of LUP and to scale up. Scaling up The monitoring system developed in Laos has the potential to address multi-stakeholders’ concerns: villagers, including local elites, local authorities at the kumban and district levels, and organizations CT99021 working on community development and conservation. Integrating these management practices into multi-level and multi-scale governance could support win-win solutions for both the villagers (data to negotiate) and the district authorities (data to deliver to the provincial level). If embedded in existing local governance and applied in key government policies, it could

CHIR-99021 order be used as a tool to empower local communities. This could be achieved by providing them with information on the effects of land management policies on forest resources and livelihoods. The different steps we propose could be applied easily to different situations elsewhere in the country. This could be with different ethnic groups, involving villages at different steps of rural transition, and different scales, from the village level to the village cluster and to the landscape. For the time being, we can only share the potential of this approach and call for more implementation trials before expanding it to different situations and provinces in the country. Acknowledgments The authors thank the Viengkham community for their participation to their activities. They also thank Glen Mulcahy, Douglas Sheil and the anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and editing, and Mohammad Agus Salim for designing the maps. They acknowledge the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the European Commission for their financial support.

005 and P < 0.0001 respectively) and matched control donors (P = 0.018 and #Bafilomycin A1 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# P = 0.004 respectively). In contrast, MAC-1 expression (Figure 3) and the percentage HLA-DR positive

monocytes (Figure 4) did not demonstrate a difference between multitrauma patients and patients with isolated femur fractures. The percentage HLA_DR positive monocytes was decreased in all patients, compared to matched control donors (P = 0.002). There was no significant correlation between plasma IL-6 levels and cellular markers, indicating that the measured markers identify different aspects of the systemic inflammatory response. Figure 1 Plasma IL-6 levels. Multitrauma patients demonstrated increased levels of plasma IL-6 compared to patients with isolated femur fracture (P = 0.018) or matched controls (P = 0.005). Pre-operative IL-6 levels (“”black square”") were significantly increased in patients who developed respiratory failure (P < 0.001). Eighteen hours after intramedullary nailing (""open triangle""), plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased in patients with isolated femur fractures (P = 0.030), but not in multitrauma patients (P = 0.515), which could be due to insufficient power. Figure 2 PMN fMLP induced FcyRII expression. Multitrauma patients demonstrated decreased expression of fMLP induced FcyRII on PMNs compared to patients with isolated

femur fracture (P = 0.004) or matched CDK inhibitor controls (P < 0.001). Pre-operative fMLP induced FcyRII* (""black square"") was more decreased in patients who developed

ARDS (P < 0.001). Eighteen hours after intramedullary nailing (""open triangle""),fMLP Axenfeld syndrome induced FcyRII* did not change compared to pre-operatively. Figure 3 PMN MAC-1 expression. No statistical significant increased MAC-1 expression was seen in multitrauma patients. In addition, no increased pre-operative expression (“”black square”") was demonstrated in patients who developed respiratory failure and no difference was seen 18 hours after intramedullary nailing (“”open triangle”"). Figure 4 HLA-DR positive monocytes. The percentage HLA-DR positive monocytes was decreased in all patients compared to controls (P = 0.002). The pre-operative (“”black square”") lowest percentage was seen in patients who developed respiratory failure (P = 0.002). Eighteen hours after intramedullary nailing (“”open triangle”"), a further decrease in HLA-DR positive monocytes was seen in patients with isolated femur fracture (P < 0.001) and multitrauma patients (P = 0.047). Symptoms Of Systemic Inflammation During Follow-Up Seven patients developed respiratory failure and fulfilled the ALI/ARDS criteria, whereas 17 patients only fulfilled the SIRS criteria during the 48 hours after IMN. Pre-operative IL-6 levels were significantly increased in patients who developed respiratory failure (P < 0.001).

albicans, and as a consequence, reduce biofilm formation. However, our results suggest that the compound in serum that inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation is not proteinaceous. Abraham et al.[15] found that a low molecular weight component of human serum inhibits biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus, and the component was protease-resistant and heat stable. We conclude here that human serum may also contain non-protein component(s) that can inhibit the adhesion and biofilm formation AZD3965 of fungi and bacteria. To confirm this hypothesis, future studies are needed to identify this component of human serum. In this study, planktonic growth of C. albicans was not inhibited by human serum,

indicating that inhibition of biofilm formation BVD-523 mouse was not due solely to growth inhibition. Biofilm formation of C. albicans, a process that depends upon both cell-cell and cell-substrate check details adherence, is controlled by a tightly woven network of genes [10]. Among this gene network, BCR1 is one of the best-characterized biofilm regulators [11–13, 29]. Through its adhesin targets ALS1, ALS3, HWP1 and ECE1, BCR1 mediates cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions in biofilms [30, 31]. In this study, at the adhesion stage of biofilm formation (60 min, 90 min), the

expression of BCR1 went from less than to significantly higher than that of the control group. This may be due to the promoting effect of serum on hypha growth, as BCR1 RNA accumulation depends on the hyphal developmental activator TEC1[32]. ALS1 and ALS3 are members of the agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) gene family that encodes cell-wall glycoproteins [33]. Most Als proteins have adhesin functions [34, 35]. Mutational analysis indicates

that strains lacking all functional ALS1 and ALS3 alleles (als1Δ/als1Δ als3Δ/als3Δ) failed to produce any detectable adherent cells in biofilm models both in vivo and in vitro[30], or in actual biofilm formation. The als1Δ/als1Δ mutants produced substantial biofilms, but the biofilms often sloughed selleck chemical off the substrate, while the als3Δ/als3Δ mutant only produced scant, disorganized biofilms on catheter material in vitro[12]. Our data on transcript analysis showed that the expression of ALS1 and ALS3 were reduced at different time points in the biofilm adhesion stage. Therefore, we supposed that the anti-adhesion effect of human serum might occur via inhibition of the expression of ALS1 and ALS3, and therefore affect biofilm formation. Previous studies have shown that a bcr1Δ/ bcr1Δ mutant, which has reduced expression of ALS1, ALS3, and other adhesins, has defective biofilm formation in both an in vitro and in vivo catheter model [12]. In this study, at 90 min of growth, the change in the levels of BCR1 level was different from ALS1 and ALS3, indicating that ALS1 and ALS3 are also affected by other factors [8, 36]. Interestingly, human serum promotes the expression of HWP1 and ECE1. HWP1 is a well-characterized hypha-specific gene that can mediate C.

SD standard deviation, n.d. not determined To address additive or synergistic effects of AMPs, we performed a model assay using N. farcinica and a combination of LL-37 and HNP 1-3 (Figure 2). Since the combination of the two AMPs exhibited nocardial killing comparable to each peptide alone at twofold higher concentrations, we found

additive activity selleckchem of the two AMPs. Figure 2 Additive activity of the two AMPs HNP 1-3 and LL-37 in a colony forming unit (CFU) assay against N . farcinica ATCC 3318. A combination of HNP 1-3 and LL-37 exhibited killing comparable to each peptide alone at twofold higher concentrations (i.e. 78.9% CFU reduction by 8 μg/ml HNP 1-3 in combination with 8 μg/ml LL-37 compared to 68.5% CFU reduction by 16 μg/ml LL-37 or 45.6% reduction by 16 μg/ml HNP 1-3 alone). Data are results of a single assay. In contrast to results with N. farcinica and N. nova, hBD-3 and LL-37 did not show

antinocardial activity against N. asteroides ATCC 19247 (Figure 1C). Only human α-defensins HNP 1-3 were found to be active against N. asteroides with LD90 of 32 μg/ml. N. brasiliensis ATCC 19296 proved to be resistant to all human AMPs tested since neither HNP 1-3 nor hBD-3 or LL-37 exhibited killing activity in concentrations up to 64 μg/ml (Figure 1D). Remarkably, Omipalisib stronger growth of N. brasiliensis was observed with all three AMPs investigated. Enhanced growth was not found after incubation with equivalent concentrations of DPY (data not shown). To investigate whether proteolytic degradation of AMPs by N. brasiliensis-derived proteases might play a role, we added a protease inhibitor mix during incubation in CFU assays. Protease inhibitors selleck chemicals were not able to alter the observed AMP resistance of N. brasiliensis, yet enhanced growth of N. brasiliensis after co-incubation with protease inhibitors could be observed again(data not shown). Activity of bovine AMPs DOK2 against Nocardia species CFU-assays revealed activity of all tested bovine AMPs against N. farcinica ATCC 3318 (Figure 3A). Neutrophil-derived indolicidin

and bovine β-defensin LAP showed potent killing with LD90 of 16 μg/ml respectively. Bovine TAP was also active, LD90 proved to be 32 μg/ml. All bovine AMPs revealed at least comparable or greater activity at 32 μg/ml against N. farcinica than levofloxacin. Accordingly, bovine indolicidin exhibited killing activity against N. nova (LD90 8 μg/ml) and N. asteroides (LD90 64 μg/ml) (Table 1). Figure 3 Activity of bovine AMPs TAP, LAP indolicidin and levofloxacin (killing control) against A N. farcinca ATCC 3318 (p < 0.05 for all tested substances), B N. brasiliensis ATCC 19296 (indolicidin and levofloxacin p < 0.05) was investigated using a colony forming unit (CFU) assay. Data are means (percent CFU reduction) of at least two independent sets of experiments with each peptide and each Nocardia species. In contrast to human AMPs, bovine indolicidin exhibited activity against N.

2002). Perhaps, the scuttle fly species inhabiting open-areas are evolutionary adapted at a genetic level (heat shock proteins) to high temperatures (Durska unpubl.). Conclusions EX 527 cost The results indicate a high similarity of scuttle fly communities associated with disturbed habitats. Perhaps, the same stage of above- and belowground secondary succession (ca. 3 years after

disturbance) may affect the open-area species in a similar way. Due to this conclusion, similar preferences for disturbed habitats could be explained by a similar matrix structure of the inhabited areas (De Deyn and Van der Putten 2005; Prevedello and Vieira 2010). My study on Phoridae shows that the species favored by disturbance either survived during the disturbances or immigrated from the surrounding area. The resilience (i.e. recovery over time) and resistance (i.e. heat stress tolerance) of

the scuttle flies to anthropogenic and natural disturbances indicate that the scuttle fly community could be a prime candidate for use JNK-IN-8 nmr in conservation evaluation exercises (Disney and Durska 2008; Griffiths et al. 2008). My results call for an increased interest in species associated with early successional stages. Acknowledgments I thank Piotr Ceryngier for his kind support and advise in a previous version of this manuscript. I would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and the high evaluation of the results of my study. I wish to thank Miłosława Barkowska-Sokół for SPTLC1 help in statistical analyses. Graham Carr kindly improved upon the English. I am grateful to Dr R. Henry L. Disney for determining some problematic scuttle fly species and to Krzysztof Gagla, for his invaluable assistance with the segregation of the material.

Furthermore, I thank Selleckchem BIX 1294 Andrzej Bartha and Jadwiga Kocyba for their help with the graphic art of figures. My thanks goes to Michał Żmihorski for the support in the preparation phase in statistical analyses. I am benefited from SYNTHESYS support made available by the European Community-Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 Structuring the European Area Programme AT-TAF 543 and SE-TAF 1833. My research on Phoridae is supported by a grant from the National Science Centre (NCN)(nr 2011/01/B/NZ8/03005). Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Appendix See Table 1. References Bańkowska R, Garbarczyk H (1982) Charakterystyka terenów badań oraz metod zbierania i opracowywania materiałów. In: Zoocenologiczne podstawy kształtowania środowiska przyrodniczego osiedla mieszkaniowego Białołęka Dworska w Warszawie. Part I. Skład gatunkowy i struktura fauny terenu projektowanego osiedla mieszkaniowego.

Am J Epidemiol 137:1001–1005PubMed 21. Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Sernbo I, Redlund-Johnell Temsirolimus chemical structure I, Petterson C, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2004) Mortality after osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 15:38–42CrossRefPubMed 22. Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, Scott JC, Black D (2000) Risk of mortality selleck compound following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int 11:556–561CrossRefPubMed 23. Cummings SR, Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761–1767CrossRefPubMed 24. Browner WS, Pressman AR, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR (1996) Mortality following fractures in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 156:1521–1525CrossRefPubMed 25. Shortt NL, Robinson CM (2005)

Mortality after low-energy fractures in patients aged at least 45 years old. J Orthop Trauma 19:396–400CrossRefPubMed find more 26. Piirtola M, Vahlberg T, Lopponen M, Raiha I, Isoaho R, Kivela SL (2008) Fractures as predictors of excess mortality in the aged-a population-based study with a 12-year follow-up. Eur

J Epidemiol 23:747–755CrossRefPubMed 27. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, Tracy JK, Hochberg MC, Rodondi N, Cawthon PM (2007) Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Gerontol 62:744–751 28. Dumitrescu B, van Helden S, ten Broeke R, Nieuwenhuijzen-Kruseman A, Wyers C, Udrea G, van der Linden S, Geusens P (2008) Evaluation of patients with a recent clinical fracture and osteoporosis, a multidisciplinary approach. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 9:109CrossRefPubMed 29. Mackey DC, Lui LY, Cawthon PM, Bauer DC, Nevitt MC, Cauley JA, Hillier TA, Lewis CE, Barrett-Connor E, Cummings SR (2007) High-trauma fractures and low bone mineral density in older women and men. Jama 298:2381–2388CrossRefPubMed”
“Introduction Vertebral fractures are the most common osteoporotic fractures. They are important to detect because they are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life [1–3], and because they strongly predict future fractures [4–7]. Furthermore,

the increase in fracture risk associated with vertebral selleck chemical fractures is independent of, and additive to, bone mineral density (BMD) measurement [7–9]. Therefore, having information about vertebral fractures in conjunction with BMD allows clinicians to better assess fracture risk and select appropriate therapies. Because only one third of vertebral fractures found on radiographs are clinically diagnosed [10–12], imaging is necessary for their detection. This has required radiographs which are usually not obtained in the course of clinical evaluation of osteoporosis. Further, even when vertebral fractures are present on radiographs, they are often not recognized by the reporting radiologist and do not lead to the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of osteoporosis [12, 13].