Being aware of the typical signs and symptoms of the drug addicts’ skin is of special importance to dermatologists, even though dermatologists are commonly not involved in the treatment of these patients. There is yet a chance for dermatologists to identify drug abusers early by to some extent specific cutaneous signs and after exclusion of several other etiological factors, so that

this will lead to further treatment through the respective specialists. The objective of this paper is to draw particular attention to typical skin lesions and diseases which may be associated with drug abuse.”
“BackgroundTo investigate the effects of post-translational modifications in different recombinant expression systems on the check details catalytic properties of recombinant -glucuronidase. The -glucuronidase (GUS) gene from Penicillium purpurogenum Li-3 was cloned and successfully expressed in Escherichia coliBL21 and Pichia pastorisG115.

ResultsThe recombinant E. coli produced a 15-fold increased level of -glucuronidase while the recombinant P.

pastoris strain produced a 6.9-fold increased level of -glucuronidase compared with their parent strains. The -glucuronidases from recombinant E. coli (PGUS-E) and P. pastors (PGUS-P) were purified to 35.9- find more and 47.4-fold, respectively, through affinity, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. PGUS-E from E. coli was a non-glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of 72.43kDa, while PGUS-P from P. pastors was appropriately glycosylated with a molecular mass of 78.83kDa measured by MALDI/TOF-MS. Although both recombinant -glucuronidases exhibited similar pH optima, the glycosylated NCT-501 Metabolism inhibitor PGUS-P showed a significantly higher thermal stability and less sensitivity to metal ions compared with the non-glycosylated PGUS-E. The glycosylated PGUS-P also displayed lower K-m values, and higher k(cat)/K-m ratios than the non-glycosylated enzyme towards glycyrrhizin.

ConclusionThese results revealed the key role of post-translational modifications in the P. pastors expression system on the catalytic properties

of -glucuronidase and its potential stability over the prokaryotic expression system which could be applied as an important tool for the functional enhancement of industrial enzymes. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Micromagnetic computations are used to describe spin-transfer driven ferromagnetic resonance in nanopillar spin valves with elliptical cross section. Analytical uniform magnetization models reproduce the resonance phenomenon adequately and these can be used to compute interface conductance. In this work, using the magnetic parameters extracted by fitting static magnetoresistance measurements, mixing conductances are obtained; these values are 25% and 20% lower than the ones previously reported. Nonuniform magnetization resonance is found. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.

Conclusion. C1LMS of 95.5% and C2PS of 92.8% were confirmed to be in good position. None of the screws including the malpositioned caused VA injury, clinically or radiographically. The technique for C1LMS and C2PS fixation appears to be safe and effective.”
“Animal models are being used for several decades to study fibrogenesis and to evaluate the anti-fibrotic potential of therapies and strategies. Although immensely valuable for our understanding of pathophysiological processes, they remain models and none of them reproduces a human disease. Each model (meaning stimulus, CX-6258 inhibitor design, strain and species) displays specific characteristics in the

nature of the pathogenesis, the topography and the evolution of fibrosis. We review here the most used as well as some newly described but potentially interesting models including models for studying biliary, immune, alcohol-induced, NASH-associated and viral fibrosis and provide insight on underlying disease processes and practical details. We attempted to delineate the benefits, advantages, limitations and drawbacks of those models. We also report the new opportunities provided by genetically engineered mice for tracking and manipulating cells that participate to fibrosis. Finally, we emphasize the importance of adapting study design to the question addressed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Crenigacestat Ltd.

All rights reserved.”
“Macrophages display two activation states that are considered mutually exclusive: classical macrophage activation (CMA), inducible by IFNG, and alternative macrophage activation (AMA), inducible by IL4 and IL13. CMA is prominent in allograft rejection and AMA is associated with

tissue remodeling after injury. We studied expression of AMA markers in mouse kidney allografts and in kidneys with acute tubular necrosis (ATN). In rejecting allografts, unlike interferon gamma (IFNG) effects and T-cell infiltration that developed rapidly and plateaued by day 7, AMA transcripts (Arg1, Mrc1, Mmp12 and Ear1) rose progressively https://www.sellecn.cn/products/MLN-2238.html as tubulitis and parenchymal deterioration developed at days 21 and 42, despite persistent IFNG effects. AMA in allografts was associated with transcripts for AMA inducers IL4, IL13 and inhibin A, but also occurred when hosts lacked IL4/IL13 receptors, suggesting a role for inhibin A. Kidneys with ATN injured by ischemia/reperfusion also had increased expression of AMA markers and inhibin A. Thus kidneys undergoing T-cell-mediated rejection progressively acquire macrophages with alternative activation phenotype despite strong local IFNG effects, independent of IL4 and IL13. Although the mechanisms and causal relationships remain to be determined, high AMA transcript levels in rejecting allografts are strongly associated with and may be a consequence of parenchymal deterioration similar to ATN.”
“Study Design. Prospective clinical series.

Objective.

This procedure can be used in pea breeding programs and will allow working with a large number of plants even when the F-1 plants produce

few seeds.”
“Recently, unusual magnetic properties were found experimentally Duvelisib in otherwise diamagnetic nanoparticles. Our experiments and analysis revealed that a universal expression can describe the size-dependent magnetic moments in ultrafine diamagnetic systems, including Au, Pd, and HfO2 nanoparticles. A model was presented to explain the observed phenomenon. It suggested that the up and down spins in ultrafine diamagnetic systems are spatially separated and form asymmetric spin-singlet pairs. The correlation lengths of the spin-singlet pairs in Au, Pd, and HfO2 nanoparticles were estimated to be about 1.65, 13, and 4.4 nm, respectively. On the basis of this model, we explain (a) the origin and the size dependence of magnetic moments in diamagnetic nanoparticles, and (b) the origin of the extremely large anisotropy in diamagnetic nanoparticles. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3596818]“
“The quick answer to the title question is: by bookkeeping; introduce Dibutyryl-cAMP datasheet as p(opulation)-state a measure telling how the individuals are distributed over their common i(ndividual)-state space, and track how the various i-processes change this measure. Unfortunately,

this answer leads to a mathematical theory that is technically complicated as well as immature. Alternatively, Selleck G418 one may describe a population in terms of the history of the population birth rate together with the history of any environmental variables affecting i-state changes, reproduction and survival. Thus, a population model leads to delay equations. This delay formulation corresponds to a restriction of the p-dynamics to a forward invariant attracting set, so that no information is lost that is relevant for long-term dynamics. For such equations there exists a well-developed theory. In particular, numerical bifurcation tools work essentially the same as for ordinary differential

equations. However, the available tools still need considerable adaptation before they can be practically applied to the dynamic energy budget (DEB) model. For the time being we recommend simplifying the i-dynamics before embarking on a systematic mathematical exploration of the associated p-behaviour. The long-term aim is to extend the tools, with the DEB model as a relevant goal post.”
“Exhaled air carries information on human health status. Ion mobility spectrometers combined with a multi-capillary column (MCC/IMS) is a well-known technology for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within human breath. This technique is relatively inexpensive, robust and easy to use in every day practice. However, the potential of this methodology depends on successful application of computational approaches for finding relevant VOCs and classification of patients into disease-specific profile groups based on the detected VOCs.

Patient 2. A 41-year-old woman following a traumatic forearm injury suffered from CRPS1 affecting the left hand and forearm. Proximal MFPS gradually developed on the same side over 12 months and was treated with administration of BoNT-A into the trapezius, splenius capitis, and rhomboid muscle trigger points.

Results. In both

patients treatment with BoNT-A improved the proximal pain of MFPS and the distal symptoms of CRPS1.

Conclusion. proximal MFPS develops ipsilateral to the distal painful limb in patients with CRPS1. Administration of BoNT-A into the affected proximal muscles may alleviate both MFPS and the distal allodynia, discoloration and, tissue swelling of CRPS.”
“ObjectiveTo investigate qualitative and quantitative differences in the structure of the posterior segment of the eye in 1-day post-hatch and 12-month-old retinal dysplasia and degeneration (rdd) and wild-type chickens.

Animal studiedRetinal Quisinostat nmr dysplasia

and degeneration and wild-type chickens.

ProcedureUsing a commercially available spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system, 15 degrees horizontal line scans were performed in both eyes of 24 live birds. Qualitative differences in retinal lamination PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 datasheet and choroidal structure were investigated, and retinal and choroidal thickness were measured.

ResultsProgressive retinal thinning with loss of outer retinal lamination and changes in the appearance of the choroid were seen in the rdd birds. Mean total retinal thickness was 202m (SD 7.8) and 251m (SD 8.8) in the rdd and wild-type chicks and 154m (SD 18) and 280m (SD 10.8) in the adult birds. Much of the difference was the result of loss of outer retinal lamination and thickness in the rdd birds. Mean choroidal thickness was 76m (SD 19.6) and 112m (SD 36.9) in the rdd and wild-type chicks and 85m (SD 23.7) and 228m (SD 44.1)

in the rdd and wild-type adult birds, respectively.

ConclusionsDifferences in retinal and choroidal structure and thickness between rdd and wild-type birds were evident on spectral domain OCT imaging at 1-day post-hatch and more marked at 1year. Spectral domain OCT may provide a FRAX597 datasheet reliable end point for therapeutic intervention in this animal model of inherited retinal degeneration.”
“Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cartilage site and osmolarity on primary cilia incidence, length and orientation in live chondrocytes in undisturbed cartilage. Additionally, we imaged endocytotic markers to test our hypothesis that the ciliary pocket is a site for endocytosis.

Materials and methods: We measured primary cilia incidence, length and orientation in the coronal plane using ex vivo live cell confocal imaging of intact murine femoral chondrocytes. Measurements were taken from five regions of the medial and lateral condyles of the left and right femur and also after one minute of osmotic challenge.

Conclusions: The Brief Quality of Life Appraisal Profile was associated with measures of motivation, goal content

and progress, as well as relationships with demographic and standard quality of life measures. This measure identifies novel concerns and issues in treating patients with bladder cancer, necessary for a more comprehensive evaluations of their health-related quality of life.”
“Background: In vitro and animal studies have suggested that soy protein and isoflavones have favorable effects on glucose and insulin regulation, but intervention studies in humans are limited, and the results are controversial.

Objective: We investigated whether soy protein with isoflavones and soy isoflavone extracts could improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women with early hyperglycemia.

Design: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included 180 postmenopausal Hong Kong click here Chinese women with prediabetes or early untreated

diabetes. After a 2-wk adaptation period, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arms to receive 15 g soy protein and 100 mg isoflavones, 15 g milk protein and 100 mg isoflavones, or 15 g milk protein on a daily basis for 6 mo.

Results: Three-or 6-mo treatments with soy protein with or without isoflavone supplementation did not result in favorable changes JAK inhibitors in development in the descriptors for glycemic control and insulin resistance, namely fasting and 2-h postload glucose, fasting and postload insulin, glycated serum protein, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and beta-cell function.

Conclusions: This 6-mo randomized controlled trial did not support

the hypothesis that soy protein with or without isoflavone supplementation had favorable effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity among postmenopausal Chinese women. The favorable change in postload glucose needs to be further confirmed. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1394-401.”
“BACKGROUND: Owing to persisting donor shortages, the use of “”marginal hearts”" see more has increased. Because patients who receive a marginal heart may require hemodynamic support in the early post-operative period, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be used until recovery of acute graft dysfunction.

METHODS: A retrospective file review of 124 primary adult heart transplant patients from 2003 to 2008 was conducted. We compared 17 patients who received post-transplant ECMO support with 107 transplant recipients without ECMO. Donor and recipient pre-transplant, intra-operative, and post-transplant clinical variables to 6 months after transplant were compared.

RESULTS: Pre-operative demographics of the 2 groups were similar. Eight (47%) of the patients in the ECMO group received marginal donor hearts, compared with 1 (1%) in the non-ECMO group (p < 0.05).

The results revealed that the 5 and 10% weight loss temperatures were as high as over 360 and 405 degrees C, respectively, and the char yields at 800 degrees C were 41 to 61%, respectively. Emricasan mouse (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2778-2787, 2011″
“Background: Caloric restriction leads to retardation of the aging processes and to longer life in many organisms. This effect of caloric restriction can be mimicked by resveratrol, a natural plant product present in grapes and red wine, which is known as a potent activator of sirtuin 1 [silent mating

type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Sirt1)].

Objectives: One main effect of caloric restriction in mammals is a reduction of body fat from white adipose tissue. We sought to identify the effects of resveratrol on fat cell biology and to elucidate whether Sirt1 is involved in resveratrol-mediated changes.

Design: Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome preadipocytes and adipocytes were used to study proliferation, adipogenic differentiation, glucose uptake, de novo lipogenesis, and adipokine secretion. Sirt1-deficient human preadipocytes were generated by using a lentiviral small hairpin RNA system to study the role of Sirt1 in resveratrol-mediated changes.

Results: Resveratrol inhibited preadipocyte proliferation

and adipogenic differentiation in a Sirt1-dependent manner. In human adipocytes, resveratrol stimulated basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. De novo lipogenesis was inhibited in parallel with a down-regulation of lipogenic gene expression. ALK cancer Furthermore, resveratrol down-regulated the expression and secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. Sirt1 was only partially responsible for the regulation of resveratrol-mediated changes in adipokine secretion.

Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that resveratrol influences 3-deazaneplanocin A datasheet adipose tissue mass and function in a way that may positively

interfere with the development of obesity-related comorbidities. Thus, our findings open up the new perspective that resveratrol-induced intracellular pathways could be a target for prevention or treatment of obesity-associated endocrine and metabolic adverse effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 5-15.”
“A biosensing principle utilizing the motion of suspended magnetic microparticles in a microfluidic system is presented. The system utilizes the innovative concept of the velocity dependence of magnetic microparticles (MPs) due to their volumetric change when analyte is attached to their surface via antibody-antigen binding. When the magnetic microparticles are attracted by a magnetic field within a microfluidic channel their velocity depends on the presence of analyte. Specifically, their velocity decreases drastically when the magnetic microparticles are covered by (nonmagnetic) analyte (LMPs) due to the increased drag force in the opposite direction to that of the magnetic force.

But it remains unclear whether oral isosorbide mononitrate in MHD patients can control blood pressure (BP) and reverse LVH. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral sustained-release isosorbide mononitrate on hypertension and LVH in MHD patients.

Methods: SCH772984 One hundred and forty-four MHD patients with hypertension were enrolled in this perspective, randomized, controlled, single-center

trial. All patients accepted antihypertensive drugs at baseline, including renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, calcium channel blocker, beta-receptor blocker or a-receptor blocker. Seventy-two patients (nitrate group) took isosorbide mononitrate 30 mg daily, titered to a maximal dosage of 120 mg daily for 24 weeks. The dosage was adjusted once a week according to BP. The remaining 72 patients (non-nitrate group) did not take nitrate drugs other than antihypertensive drugs. BP, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), heart rate, interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and hemoglobin (Hb) were monitored.

Results: After 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment, BP levels decreased in both nitrate and non-nitrate groups.BP in the nitrate group was significantly lower than in the non-nitrate group. But there was no statistical significance in the levels of

response rate and control rate of BP between the 2 groups (response rate of BP: 91.4% vs. 86.1%, chi(2)=1.004, p=0.316; control rate of BP: 60.0% vs. 47.2%, chi(2)=2.230, p=0.127). BP before hemodialysis was maintained between 12 and 24 weeks SHP099 clinical trial in the nitrate group despite the decrease in total daily category Dactolisib research buy and quantity of hypotensive drugs. At week 24 of treatment, LVMI in the nitrate group was significantly

decreased from 65.3 +/- 14.2 g/m(2.7) to 51.2 +/- 10.0 g/m(2.7), and that in the non-nitrate group was also significantly decreased from 63.7 +/- 16.7 g/m(2.7) to 56.1 +/- 13.8 g/m(2.7). But LVMI in the nitrate group was significantly lower than that in the non-nitrate group. The prevalence of LVH in the nitrate and non-nitrate groups decreased 17.2% and 9.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference in both groups at 24 weeks (chi(2)=4.480, p=0.034). During 24 weeks of follow-up, the incidence of acute left heart failure in the nitrate group was 1.4% (1/70), which was significantly lower than in the non-nitrate group (11.1%, 8/72; chi(2)=5.605, p=0.033). The incidence of adverse events was 1.4%.

Conclusions: Sustained-release isosorbide mononitrate, which is safe and well tolerated, can effectively control BP, decrease the category and quantity of hypotensive drugs, improve left ventricular hypertrophy and reduce the incidence of acute left heart failure in MHD patients.”
“A 55-year-old woman presented with heavy proteinuria (6.2 g/day) in April 2007. Because monoclonal IgG-kappa was detected in serum and urine samples, bone marrow aspiration and renal biopsy were performed.

Recent findings

Screening for prostate cancer has been demonstrated to reduce mortality, although with a high number needed to treat. One approach to this problem is to offer patients with favorable risk disease an initial conservative approach, with close monitoring

and treatment for those patients who are reclassified as higher risk over time. Much preclinical data indicates that Gleason 6 prostate cancer does not carry the hallmarks of malignancy. However, a number of recent studies have demonstrated that in patients diagnosed with favorable risk prostate cancer (Gleason 6 or less, prostate-specific GNS-1480 purchase antigen < 10), about 30% will harbor higher grade cancer and benefit from treatment. These patients are identifiable by a combination of repeat biopsy, serial prostate-specific antigen, and in borderline cases, multiparametric MRI.

Summary

Active surveillance is a powerful solution to the problem TPX-0005 molecular weight of overdiagnosis and overtreatment associated with screening for prostate cancer. For the 40-50% of patients with favorable risk prostate cancer, it offers the benefit of personalized medicine, avoiding

treatment and related quality-of-life effects altogether in the majority, and providing definitive management for the minority who are reclassified with higher risk disease over time.”
“Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a fungal pathogen that is a serious health threat to immunocompromised individuals. Upon environmental exposure, infectious fungal propagules are inhaled into the host’s lungs. The anticryptococcal

actions of alveolar macrophages (AM), the predominant host phagocyte of the innate immune system in the lungs, are fundamental in determining whether containment and clearance of the pathogen occurs by the development of an adapted immune response or whether infection is established and progresses to disease. However, the fungus is also capable of surviving the antimicrobial actions of AM and exploits these host phagocytes to establish infection and exacerbate disease. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that cryptococcosis may occur following reactivation of latent cryptococcal infection. Currently, the role of AM and the fungal factors contributing to latent cryptococcosis are unknown. This review examines the AM-Cn interaction and how it affects the development of pulmonary disease with a focus p38 MAPK activity on host and pathogen factors enabling latency to occur.”
“This short communication describes the delayed onset of premature ovarian failure (POF) in some young patients, between 5 to 24 months after operative laparoscopy for ovarian endometriosis. This complication apparently does not have a link with traditional risk factors for POF. In view of this observation, further and consistent clinical investigations are necessary to seek an explanation for this possible iatrogenic effect, which is of particular concern to young patients who are referred for video laparoscopy as a treatment for ovarian endometriosis.

We found that the fit results are in a very good agreement with the experimental observations, if ambipolar transport is taken into account, the origin of which we will discuss. Furthermore we present parametric equations for the mobility and the charge carrier density, which can be applied over the entire experimental range of parameters. (c) 2010 American Institute Fosbretabulin chemical structure of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3516392]“
“The use of organic solvents as reaction media for enzymatic reactions provides numerous industrially attractive

advantages compared to traditional aqueous reaction systems. Despite the advantages, native enzymes almost universally exhibit low activities and/or stabilities in the presence Selleck Daporinad of organic solvents. This inactivation of the enzymes by organic solvents results in significant limitation of the enzymatic reaction process. Numerous attempts have been made to improve enzyme activity and stability in the presence of organic solvents using methods based on protein engineering and chemical or physical modification. Most enzymes used in these studies did not originally exhibit high activity and stability in the presence of organic solvents because they were not screened as organic solvent-tolerant enzymes. Recently, various attempts have been made to screen enzymes that naturally possess organic

solvent-tolerance form various microorganisms including organic solvent-tolerant

bacteria, thermophiles, halophiles and mesophiles. These organic solvent-tolerant enzymes are expected to have potential for applications in industrial chemical processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Survival after liver transplantation is negatively impacted by use of elderly deceased donors, but excluding them would increase waiting times and waiting list mortality. We reviewed our experience with liver transplantation (LT) utilizing livers from deceased donors 65 yr of age and older to identify those factors that impact graft survival. All adult patients (>= 18 yr old) who underwent primary LT using deceased donor CP127374 livers from donors aged >= 65 yr between February 1995 and November 2003 were included. With multivariate analysis we found four unfavorable characteristics significantly associated with higher post-transplant graft failure rate. These characteristics are hepatitis C as an etiology of liver disease, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score > 20, serum glucose level of donor > 200 mg/dL at the time of liver recovery, and skin incision to aortic cross-clamp time > 40 minutes in the donor surgery. The five-yr estimated graft survival rates having 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 unfavorable characteristics were 100%, 82.0%, 81.7%, 39.3%, and 25.0%, respectively (p < 0.05).

We report that (1) organ culture of the TG is possible with preserved morphology, (2) organ culture is associated with enhanced expression of cytokines and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) primarily in neurons, (3) CGRP can induce

expression of some cytokines and (4) cytokine expression is still upregulated following MAPK pathway inhibition by MEK inhibitor U0126 and pp38 inhibitor SB202192, but the cytokine expression is abolished when co-incubating with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. This method may be of value to check details examine local TG inflammation, putatively involved in the pathophysiology of some forms of primary headaches.”
“We present the results of a spectroscopic study of hydrogen Balmer line shapes and intensities in a microwave-induced discharge generated in an Evenson resonant cavity at 2.45 GHz in pure hydrogen and hydrogen-argon and hydrogen-helium gas mixtures. The Balmer line shapes do not show signs of excessive Doppler broadening. The discharge parameters-Doppler temperature (980 K), electron excitation temperature (1460-1790 K), and electron density of about 8 X 10(11) cm(-3)-point to a typical microwave-induced discharge. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3046587]“
“Recent work in nephrolithiasis has benefited

GSK690693 inhibitor from 2 special kinds of imaging: endoscopic study of patient kidneys with high-quality instruments, and examination of stones with microscopic computed tomography (micro CT). The combination of these has provided new evidence that there is more than 1 mechanism by which stones are retained in the kidney until they achieve sizes to be clinically relevant. This review describes what is known about the formation of stones on Randall’s plaque, the formation of stones on ductal plugs

and the buy AR-13324 ways in which stones may grow in free solution within the calyceal or pelvic spaces. Studies of urolithiasis need to recognize that any group of “”stone formers”" likely includes patients who differ fundamentally regarding which mechanism of stone formation is the primary route for their stones. Separation of patients on the basis of which mechanism (or combination of mechanisms) underlies their disease will be important for advancing research in the area of urolithiasis.”
“Hyperventilation is often associated with stress, an established trigger factor for migraine. Between attacks, migraine is associated with a deficit in habituation to visual-evoked potentials (VEP) that worsens just before the attack. Hyperventilation slows electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and decreases the functional response in the occipital cortex during visual stimulation. The neural mechanisms underlying deficient-evoked potential habituation in migraineurs remain unclear. To find out whether hyperventilation alters VEP habituation, we recorded VEPs before and after experimentally induced hyperventilation lasting 3 min in 18 healthy subjects and 18 migraine patients between attacks.