“
“HrpZ, a type three secretion system helper protein from the plant-pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, can be recognized by many plants as a defence elicitor. Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells to different HrpZ variants were studied by electrophysiological methods and cell death assay. Purified

buy GW-572016 HrpZ originating from a compatible pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (HrpZ(Pto)) and incompatible P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (HrpZ(Pph)) both promoted Arabidopsis cell death. As an early response, both HrpZ variants induced an increase in time dependent K+ outward rectifying current. In contrast, the effects of HrpZ proteins on anion currents were different: HrpZ(Pph) had no effect, and HrpZ(Pto) induced an anion current increase. This suggests that the observed responses of the K+ channels and anion channels resulted from different and separable interactions and that the interaction implied in anion current modulation is host-specific. HrpZ(Pto) and HrpZ(Pph) also had a different sequence preference in phage display screen for peptide-binding. These peptides presumably represent KPT-8602 price a part of a putative target protein in the host, and HrpZ proteins of different P. syringae pathovars might have

different binding specificities to match the allelic variation between plant species. Supporting the idea that the peptide-binding region of HrpZ is important for interactions with host cell components, we found that a mutation in that region changed the anion channel response of Arabidopsis cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Background: buy LBH589 Brazil introduced universal antirotavirus vaccination in March 2006. This article reports the results of rotavirus A (RV-A)

surveillance from January 2005 to December 2009.

Methods: A total of 6109 fecal samples were collected in 18 Brazilian states. RV-A was detected by enzyme immunoassay and/or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and genotyped through seminested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Results: RV-A was detected in 20.3% (n = 1242) of the samples. Among children less than 2 years old, regardless the antirotavirus vaccination status, the rates of RV-A detection were 33.8% in 2005, 23.7% in 2006, 16.8% in 2007, 22.9% in 2008, and 18.3% in 2009 (P < 0.001; chi(2) test for linear trend). Among RV-A-positive samples, genotype G1P[8] or G1P[not typed(NT)] was detected in 14% in 2005, 12.3% in 2006, 9.5% in 2007, 0.7% in 2008, and 20.4% in 2009; G2P[4]/G2P[NT] was characterized in 9% in 2005, 49% in 2006, 66% in 2007, 85% in 2008, and 37.5% in 2009; G3P[8]/G3P[NT] was observed in 8.7% in 2005, 3.5% in 2006, and 5.7% in 2009; G9P[8]/G9P[NT] was observed in 52% in 2005, 22% in 2006, 12.3% in 2007, 3.2% in 2008, and 3.4% in 2009.

Methods: During urodynamics, bladder sensations were studied and compared in 59 patients: 21 patients with complete SCI below T6 and above Th12, 7 patients with a complete lesion of the conus medullaris, 11 patients Raf targets with a complete lesion of the cauda equina, and 20 patients without neurological deficit. Results: Two of 7 patients with complete conus lesion had a preserved filling sensation. Ten of 11 patients with complete lesion of the cauda equina reported a bladder filling sensation. Sensations are perceived at a similar pressure threshold but at a higher volume threshold. Conclusions: In patients with a complete cauda or a lower conus lesion, a sensory input from the bladder is preserved.

These findings imply that the preserved bladder filling sensation in complete cauda or lower conus lesions is possibly transferred through the intact hypogastric plexus to the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Hf-rich hafnia-titania nanolaminate films with five HfO(2)-TiO(2) bilayer architectures (0.64 to 0.94 Hf atom fraction) were sputter deposited on unheated fused silica substrates,

annealed post-deposition from 573 to 1273 K, and analyzed by x-ray diffraction to study phase selection and transition. Isochronal annealing for 1 h SIS3 manufacturer intervals from 573 to 1173 K produces weak crystallization into monoclinic (m) HfO(2) doped with Ti, i.e., m-Hf(1-x)Ti(x)O(2). The amount of Ti incorporated into m-HfO(2) depends upon both architecture and overall stoichiometry, but in all but the coarsest architecture, exceeds the bulk solubility limit of x = 0.05. Initial annealing at 1273 K produces significant crystallization into a biphasic structure, m-Hf(1-x)Ti(x)O(2) and orthorhombic (o) HfTiO(4). From bulk phase equilibrium GDC-0973 molecular weight considerations, o-HfTiO(4) is expected to crystallize under conditions of interfacial bilayer mixing. However, upon further annealing at 1273 K, o-HfTiO(4) proves to be unstable. o-HfTiO(4) demixing inevitably occurs independent of architecture

and stoichiometry, resulting in final crystallization products after 96 h at 1273 K that are m-Hf(1-x)Ti(x)O(2) with x approximate to 0.05 and TiO(2) doped with Hf. We suggest that o-HfTiO(4) instability arises from a driving force to form domains similar to those found in the low temperature in/commensurate structures of ZrTiO(4). A detailed crystallographic group-subgroup analysis of the o (Pbcn) -> m (P2(1)/c) transition shows that these domains can be represented by an orientation twin in the latter structure and their creation can be achieved by a single step second-order phase transition. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3597321]“
“We included 3088 well-appearing infants aged between 3 and 36 months with fever without a source with a blood culture done as part of their study of fever.

(C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3273494]“
“An 18-month-old boy presented with abdominal pain and distension.

On physical examination there was a 10 x 7-cm mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant. His alpha-fetoprotein level was 175,000 IU/mL. Abdominal magnetic resonance findings revealed hepatomegaly with multiple tumor masses involving nearly all the segments of the liver (PRETEXT IV). The tumor extended through the inferior vena cava and filled 2/3 of the right atrium. Echocardiography revealed normal cardiac function. Histopathologic findings after liver biopsy were consistent with hepatoblastoma. After 6 NVP-AUY922 courses of chemotherapy including cisplatin and doxorubicin (PLADO, SIOPEL protocol), the cardiac tumor regressed completely. The patient’s primary tumor was then fully

resected; no cardiac surgery was performed. After surgery the AFP level was 4 IU/mL and echocardiography revealed normal cardiac function with no residual tumor. The patient has been in remission for 31 months postdiagnosis.”
“Background-Endothelial lipase is a phospholipase with activity against high-density lipoprotein. Although a small number of mutations in LIPG have been described, the role of LIPG in protection against atherosclerosis is unclear.

Methods and Results-We identified 8 loss-of-function (LOF) selleckchem mutations in LIPG in individuals with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Functional analysis confirmed that most rare mutations abolish lipase activity in vitro, indicating complete LOF, whereas 2 more common mutations N396S and R476W reduce activity by approximate to 50%, indicating partial LOF and implying approximate to 50% and approximate to 75% remaining endothelial lipase function in heterozygous complete LOF and partial LOF mutation carriers, respectively. complete LOF mutation carriers had significantly higher 10058-F4 in vitro plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with partial LOF mutation carriers. Apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from complete LOF carriers showed significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux acceptor

capacity, whereas only trends were observed in partial LOF carriers. Carriers of LIPG mutations exhibited trends toward reduced coronary artery disease in 4 independent cohorts (meta-analysis odds ratio, 0.7; P=0.04).

Conclusions-Our data suggest that the impact of LIPG mutations is directly related to their effect on endothelial lipase function and support that antagonism of endothelial lipase function improves cardioprotection. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2013;6:54-62.)”
“Iron salts have been doped into emeraldine base (EB) successfully using a chemical route. Both FeCl3 and FeSO4 were doped separately into EB in acetonitrile with metal ion and tetramer in the ratio of 4 : 1. The doped samples were characterized by UV-vis absorption, Mossbauer and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the hypothesis that both the established components of metabolic syndrome and the novel variables identified by the regression analysis were associated with a single underlying factor. HCMA-IR, PAI-1 and HbA1c were the only biomarkers independently related to metabolic syndrome. CFA validated a one-factor model that included these variables.

Moreover, the indices of goodness of fit were better for this expanded model than those obtained for a previously validated one-factor model that was restricted to the conventional elements of the syndrome.

Conclusions: These findings show that PAI-1 and HbA1c are singularly linked to metabolic syndrome. Their elevation find more is presumably another manifestation SN-38 order of the same pathophysiological mechanism that underlies the recognized traits of the syndrome. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. AR rights reserved.”
“Study Design. An easy surgical method to reach C7-Th and T1-T2 foraminal disc herniation is described.

Objective.

To describe a surgical technique that involves an anterior approach to disc herniation with inverted cone-shaped partial minicorpectomy.

Summary of Background Data. Anterior approaches to the cervicothoracic junction are difficult in spinal surgery because the operative area is narrow. The manubrium, the LY2606368 price clavicles, and the slope of the vertebral bodies obstruct the view of the surgeon. The vascular and neural structures of the superior mediastinum limit the surgical approach. The thoracic duct and recurrent laryngeal nerve present risks for injury, especially with approaches from the right side. Disc herniations at the C7-T2 level are very rare. Posterior approaches

at these levels are advocated because radicular symptoms occur more often than myelopathic symptoms, but anterior discectomy and fusion are generally preferred by many spinal surgeons, as these are approaches that are more intuitive.

Methods. We review the case histories of all of our patients that underwent inverted cone-shaped partial minicorpectomy and fusion at the C7-T2 disc levels between 2000 and 2008. We applied the surgical techniques described in this manuscript.

Results. The mean follow-up duration was 50 months postoperation. Physical examinations were performed and radiographs were taken at the end of the first 6 months postoperative and every 12 months thereafter. No meaningful changes were recorded on either the Visual Analog Scale or the Neck Disability Index. Cervical alignment was unchanged before and after surgery.

Conclusion. Minicorpectomy technique of C7 or T1 vertebra is an easy and appropriate method for treating foraminal disc herniation between the C7-T1 and T1-T2 levels.

The study design was comprised of three questionnaire assessments, with the second and the third evaluation taking place 6 and 12 months after the beginning of the study, respectively. Thirty-six females treated conservatively were asked to fill in the TAPS, SRS-22 and BSSQ forms.

In regards to TAPS, the results differed between the 1st and the 2nd assessment in Figure 2 only (p = 0.013). The difference between the 1st and the 3rd evaluation concerned Figure 3 and the total score (p = 0.011 and p = 0.005, respectively). The SRS-22 and BSSQ results of study participants did not differ significantly between the 1st

and the 2nd, between the 2nd and the 3rd and

between the 1st and the 3rd evaluations.

The study indicated that Kinase Inhibitor Library chemical structure the assessment of girls with AIS concerning body function and mental health did not deteriorate in the course of orthosis treatment. Furthermore, they showed improvement in perceptions particularly in regards to FK228 manufacturer trunk shape. We pointed out that the negative perceptions of mental health, self-image and low level of activity held by females with AIS coexisted with severe emotional distress. Moreover, factors that improved functioning or subjective physical appearance ratings in particular, such as level of activity, were indicated.”
“The unprecedented global spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses within the past ten years and their extreme lethality to poultry and humans has underscored their potential to cause an influenza pandemic. Combating the threat of an impending H5N1 influenza pandemic will require

Dibutyryl-cAMP chemical structure a combination of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical intervention strategies. The emergence of the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 emphasised the unpredictable nature of a pandemic influenza. Undoubtedly, vaccines offer the most viable means to combat a pandemic threat. Current egg-based influenza vaccine manufacturing strategies are unlikely to be able to cater to the huge, rapid global demand because of the anticipated scarcity of embryonated eggs in an avian influenza pandemic and other factors associated with the vaccine production process. Therefore, alternative, egg-independent vaccine manufacturing strategies should be evaluated to supplement the traditional egg-derived influenza vaccine manufacturing. Furthermore, evaluation of dose-sparing strategies that offer protection with a reduced antigen dose will be critical for pandemic influenza preparedness. Development of new antiviral therapeutics and other, nonpharmaceutical intervention strategies will further supplement pandemic preparedness. This review highlights the current status of egg-dependent and egg-independent strategies against an avian influenza pandemic.

“
“Background:

It is not known how often, to what extent and over what time frame any early warning scores change, and what the implications of these changes are.

Setting: Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Center, Ontario, Canada.

Methods: The averaged vital signs measured over different time periods of 44,531 consecutive acutely ill medical admissions were determined and then combined to calculate the averaged abbreviated version of the Vitalpac (TM) early warning score (AbEWS) during each time period examined.

Results: 18% of all in-hospital deaths within 30 days are in patients with a low AbEWS on admission. Those admitted with a low AbEWS are more likely to increase their score and those admitted buy Panobinostat with a high score are more likely to lower it. Paradoxically, patients who have an averaged

score over the first 6 h in hospital that is lower than on admission have increased in-hospital mortality. Thereafter CYT387 nmr patients with an increase in the averaged score have almost twice the mortality of those with a decreased score. 4.7% of patients have a low averaged score on the day they die.

Conclusion: AbEWS, without clinical judgment, cannot be used to detect those patients who do not need to be admitted to hospital or are suitable for discharge. A period of observation of at least 12 h is required before the trajectory of AbEWS is of prognostic value, and any “”improvement”" that occurs before this time may be illusory. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ardipusilloside I isolated from Ardisia pusilla on tumor angiogenesis and its mechanism of action. The anti-angiogenic effect

in vivo was evaluated on xenograft in the athymic mice model and the chicken chorioallantoic YH25448 cost membrane (CAM) neovascularization model, the inhibition of growth in vitro was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and the mechanism was demonstrated through detecting microvessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and P-VEGFR2 protein expressions, as well as mRNA expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2. The results showed that ardipusilloside I had a good inhibitory effect on A549 xenografted tumor growth, angiogenesis of CAM, and A549 cell growth. Compared to the negative control, MVD protein and mRNA expressions of VEGF and VEGFR were significantly inhibited by ardipusilloside I in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggested that ardipusilloside I might be a promising candidate as angiogenesis inhibitors.”
“Cymbopogon citratus has been widely recognised for its ethnobotanical and medicinal usefulness. Its insecticidal, antimicrobial and therapeutic properties have been reported, but little is known about its effect on the immune system.

Further, we observed no additive risk between PM2.5 and AF hospitalization in those with respiratory disease or sleep apnea.

Conclusions: Unlike previously GW4869 observed associations with ischemic heart disease events and heart failure hospitalizations using similar study design and approaches,

this study found that hospitalization for AF was not significantly associated with elevations in short-term exposure to fine PM air pollution. (PACE 2011; 34: 1475-1479)”
“The duration that seeds stay vigorous during storage is difficult to predict but critical to seed industry and conservation communities. Production of volatile compounds from lettuce seeds during storage was investigated as a non-invasive and early detection method of seed ageing rates. Over 30 volatile compounds were detected from lettuce seeds during storage at 35 degrees C at water contents ranging from 0.03 to 0.09 g H(2)O

LDK378 molecular weight g(-1) dw. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in volatile composition were noted as a function of water content, and these differences were apparent before signs of deterioration were visible. Seeds stored at high water content (>= 0.06 g H(2)O g(-1) dw) emitted molecular species indicative of glycolysis (methanol+ethanol), and evidence of peroxidation was apparent subsequent to viability loss. Seeds containing less water (0.03-0.05 g H(2)O g(-1) dw) produced volatiles indicative find more of peroxidation and survived longer compared with seeds stored under more humid conditions. Production of glycolysis-related by-products correlated

strongly with deterioration rate when measured as a function of water content. This correlation may provide a valuable non-invasive means to predict the duration of the early, asymptomatic stage of seed deterioration.”
“By means of first-principles calculations, we have investigated a size dependence of elastic modulus in single-walled ZnO nanotubes with armchair and zigzag forms. It is found that for these tubes the Young’s modulus is increased dramatically with the increased diameters and inversely proportional to the Zn-O bond length. Further, the amount of charge transfer, calculated by the Bader analysis, is introduced to elucidate the strength of bonding between Zn and O atoms in these tubes. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3573508]“
“Background: Cardiac syncope represents clinical situation with serious prognosis. The aim of the present study was to develop the diagnostic scoring system based on the clinical history allowing to distinguish between cardiac and noncardiac syncope.

Methods: Clinical history was obtained in the form of the structured questionnaire in 60 patients with cardiac syncope (mean age 70 +/- 10 years, 33 men) an in 140 patients with noncardiac syncope (mean age 45 +/- 20 years, 44 men).

Results: Eighty-six women (median age 23 years, range

1941) participated in the study with a median follow up of 14 years (range 230) after diagnosis. Among women with information on permanent and transient amenorrhea, 9% (5/55) of the women stated that they were permanently amenorrheic. Among women not taking oral contraceptives and giving information on the regularity of their menstrual cycle, 18% (4/22) had an irregular menstrual cycle and 82% (18/22) had a regular menstrual cycle. The median AMH values for women who were categorized as infertile by questionnaire-based information were significantly lower than the AMH values of women who were categorized as fertile by questionnaire (0.05 selleck screening library vs 2.2 ng/mL,

P = 0.004). Questionnaire-based categories on the regularity of the menstrual cycle and categories based on AMH values showed a satisfying percentage agreement (66.7%) and were moderately correlated (r = 0.42, find more P = 0.002). Conclusion: Self-reported questionnaire data used to detect fertility impairment has limited correspondence with objectively measured AMH values.”
“Ribavirin (CAS 66510-90-5) associated to peginterferon (CAS 99210-65-8) is the current standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Exposure to ribavirin influences the virological response and anemia. Therefore monitoring plasma concentration of ribavirin is a useful tool for individualizing ribavirin dosing regimens. Ribavirin is a substrate of several nucleoside transporters that play a role in its distribution in erythrocytes.

After blood sampling, it is essential to limit this mechanism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature and time on ribavirin plasma concentrations.

Two blood samples, collected in EDTA tubes, were taken at the same time from 23 patients. One sample was conserved on ice whereas the second one was kept at room temperature during transport to the laboratory. Upon receipt at the laboratory and at different times post-reception (from 1 to 3 h), 1.5 mL of blood from each sample was centrifuged to obtain plasma that was then P5091 stored at -20 degrees C until assay. Samples were maintained in the same conditions as during transport for the 3 h. Plasma ribavirin was analysed using an HPLC-UV system.

The results showed that mean loss of ribavirin concentration, for samples kept on ice as well as at room temperature, was less than 3%, 9% and 13% after 1,2 and 3 h, respectively. These results suggest that blood samples for ribavirin analysis can be sent at room temperature within a period of 2 h between sampling and centrifugation.

The increase of photoinitiator concentration causes in the decrease of the shrinkage. buy 5-Fluoracil Increasing the UV dose during the crosslinking of acrylic PSA film leads clearly to better shrinkage resistance. The best results of the lowest shrinkage value of 0.35% were given by using 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 118-123, 2012″
“We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that the abrupt change in magnetostatic energy during the free and pinned [Co/Pd] layer reversal by an external magnetic field and the magnetic field dependent extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) coefficient are the main physical reasons for the anomalous peaks observed in EHE measurement of

exchange biased [Pd/Co]/Cu/Co/[Pd/Co]/FeMn giant magnetoresistance

spin-valves with perpendicular anisotropy (EBPA-SVs). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca3.html The correlation of the anomalous EHE peaks to the extrinsic magnetic properties of EBPA-SVs paves a way to indirectly evaluate these properties. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3606424]“
“The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of metformin at the dosage of 2,500 mg/day in the treatment of obese women with PCOS and also to evaluate its effect on weight, hormones, and lipid profile.

This study was a 4-month open-label clinical trial. Sixty-nine PCOS patients aged 20-35 were recruited in the study. Testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting insulin, dehydroepiandrostenedione-sulphate (DHEAS), FBS, LDH, HDL, TG, total cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio were measured before treatment and after 4 months of treatment.

Significant reductions in serum insulin, BMI, waist/hip ratio, and LDL were observed. In addition, a significant increase in SHBG was obtained. Over the 4 months of the trial, 12 patients faced nausea, six patients had bloating, five patients had diarrhea and two had headache; none of

these symptoms were severe except for two cases that dropped out due to severe vomiting.

The results of this study show that 2,500 mg daily dose of metformin in obese patients with PCOS is selleck chemicals effective in the reduction of BMI, waist hip/ratio, LDL, serum insulin and increases SHBG. In general this dose was relatively safe and well tolerated.”
“The solution and diffusion properties of cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and crosslinked PEG have been studied in the temperature range of 368.15 to 403.15 K using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. The infinite dilute activity coefficient (Omega(infinity)(ip)) and diffusion coefficient (D-ip(infinity)) have been determined for the above solvent/polymer systems. Accordingly, several thermodynamic functions, the diffusion pre-exponential factor, and activation energy have been attained. The results showed a decrease in Omega(infinity)(ip) and an increase in D-ip(infinity) with rising temperature.

A panel of experts compared the generated documents and the translation was evaluated for 50 undergraduate pharmacy students. The final version was submitted

to a team of experts for content validation. The process of cross-cultural translation and validation result 23 questions in the Portuguese version. Modifications to the grammatical structures were made in order to establish a cross-cultural similarity between the English and Portuguese versions. Regarding the evaluation of the expert panel, seven questions required modifications. In discussion of the consensus panel, all questions were found to be appropriate. This study demonstrated that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument presents a cross-cultural similarity with the original English version.”
“P>The hand-foot-syndrome (HFS, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, chemotherapy-associated acral Selleck 3MA erythema) is characterized by painful predominantly palmo-plantar lesions. The association with different chemotherapeutic agents has been known for over 20 years. More recently, HFS has been reported in association with regimens using targeted agents, in particular the multikinase inhibitors (MKI) sorafenib and sunitinib. The HFS associated with MKI has a different distribution and clinical appearance than the traditional disorder. In this review,

similarities and differences between chemotherapy- and MKI-associated HFS are Aurora Kinase inhibitor discussed and current recommendations for their prophylaxis and management are summarized.”
“The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Croton polyandrus Spreng. was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was studied using the

microdilution method and determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. In vitro antiproliferative activity was evaluated in ten human cancer cell lines and two non-tumor cell lines. Total growth inhibition see more (TGI) values were chosen to measure antiproliferative activity. Thirty-three components have been identified in the essential oil of Croton polyandrus Spreng. The major constituents of the essential oil were p-cymene (12.4 %), bornyl acetate (11.0 %) and ascaridole (6.4 %). The results obtained with Croton polyandrus Spreng. oil showed a moderate antifungal activity, with MIC equal the 64 mu g/mL for all fungi strains and weak antibacterial activity; cytocidal effect for most of the strains used were tested only at the highest concentration and showed no cytostatic effect.”
“P>There is no cure for hereditary angioedema (HAE). Therapeutic approaches consist of symptomatic therapy for acute attacks, short-term prophylaxis before surgery, and long-term prophylaxis for those with frequent and severe attacks.

In Germany, C1-INH concentrate and icatibant are licensed for acute therapy. C1-INH concentrate, which is obtained from human plasma, is administered intravenously to restore the deficient C1-INH activity.